Đề cương ôn tập môn lịch sử văn minh thế giới | Đại học Ngoại Ngữ - Tin Học Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh
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Môn: Lịch sử văn minh thế giới (2021)
Trường: Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Tin học Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
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n 26th February 1890, a boy was born in Engelsberg, Austria, the
OyoungestofsixRomanCatholicchildren.HisnamewasRudolfBautsch,
(latertobecomeRandolphStone).Hedidnʹtcry.Hedidnʹtbreathe.Hedidnʹ t
move. So everyone thought heʹd been born dead. They tried to get baby
Rudolf to breathe, but in vain. Funeral candles were lit and placed on each
sideofhim.However,justbeforetheinfantbodywasabouttobetakenaway
forburial,itslowlycametolife.Rudolfʹsmotherdiedwhenhewasonlytwo
and,attheageofthirteen,heemigratedtotheUSAwithhisfatherandoneof
hisfoursisters.Heimmediatelybeganearning
his own living as a farm hand
inTurtleLake,Wisconsin.Duetohisdiligenceanddevotionaltendencies,he
was given a scholarship to Concordia College in Saint Paul, Minnesota,
where he studied to be a Lutheran minister and learned English by
comparingtheGermanBiblewithan American translation. Druglesshealing
DrStoneintheashramofhisspiritualteacherinthe
In1909,attheageofnineteen,Rudolfrealisedthatorthodox
Punjab,attheageof85
religion could not satisfy his spiritual craving. He studied the
works of Vivekananda, Ram Tirtha, Yogananda, Krishnamurti,
patients free of charge. He says, “To help others by means of
Swedenborg and Blavatsky; and others, as well as practising
these new principles of polarity, I have travelled around the
solitarymeditation.Butallthisfailedtosatisfyhim,becausehe
worldthreetimesandtreatedmanypatients,mostlyinIndia.I
wantedtohelprelievehumansuffering,aswellashisown.Sohe
heldlargefreeclinicstohelpthehelplessandhopelesscases.As
decidedtobecomeadoctor.Hestudiedosteopathy,chiropractic,
aresult,IamknownfromBombaytoCalcutta ,andwhereverI
naturopathy, naprapathy and neuropathy, and won degrees in
go, patients are waiting for me as their last hope. I only take
allofthem.HepassedhisStateBoardExaminationsin1914;was
casesthathavefailedtorespondtoothermethodsoftreatment.
granted an Other Practitioners Licence, which permitted him to
ThisIconsider a
fairtestofpolaritytherapy.”
performallmethodsofdruglesshealingwithoutsurgery;setup
He never used his spiritual power for medical or material
practice in Chicago; and started teaching at the newly formed
ends, and strictly forbade any of his students from doing so.
EclecticSchoolforDoctors.
“Miraclesandpsychichealingarenotdealtwithonthiscourse,” Unique he system
declared.“Itdescribesarationaltherapy.”
For sixty years, Dr Randolph Stone ran a successful practice
Pioneeredtechniques
in Chicago. Throughout this period he studied many ancient
By1957,DrStonehadpublishedfivemajorworksonpolarity
traditions of natural healing ‐ Ayurvedic, yogic, cabalistic,
therapy, plus a book about surat
shabd yoga entitled The Mystic
hermetic and alchemic ‐ and developed his uniqu e system of
Bible, and had pioneered the techniques of craniosacral therapy
polaritytherapy.Hesays:“Ihavestumbledontoasciencewhich
thirty years before John Upledgerʹs seminal textbook on the
blendstheoldconceptofenergiesintheconstitutionofmanand subject.
havelinkeditwiththescientificresearchinspace.”
DrStoneʹsheadquartersremainedinChicagountilMay1972,
Handinhandwithhishealthresearch,DrStonepursuedhis
when he gave up his practice and moved to California
spiritual quest. For him the two were inextricably intertwined.
continuing his teaching there for the summer months and
“As above, so below; as within, so without”, he often told his visitingIndiaannually students.
Before leaving for India in September 1973, at the age of 83, Breakthrough
Dr Stone announced that he had finished his work and
appointed his oldest student, Pierre Pannetier, as his successor.
His big breakthrough came in August 1945 when he stayed
Hethengaveawayallhispersonalpossessionsandretiredtothe
upallonenightreadingMysticism,theSpiritualPath,Vol.IIby
ashram of his spiritual master at Dera Baba Jaimal Singh, near
LekhRajPuri.Thenext morningheexclaimed:“Thisisexactly
Amritsar in the Punjab. There he devoted most of his time to
whatIʹvebeenlookingforallmylife!“
spiritualpractice,thusfulfilling a life‐lon g desire.
Dr Stone was excited because this book explained explicitly
On9thDecember1981,RudolfBautsch,knownforsixty‐five
where all energy comes from and how it can be harnessed for
yearsasDrRandolphStone,passedawaypeacefullyandjoyfully
spiritual development. It also gave him insights into how the
attheageofninety‐oneyearsandtenmonths.
blockageofthisenergyresultsinillnessandunhappiness.
Three years later, Dr Stone published his first book on
polarity therapy, The
New Energy Concept of the Healing Art. In UnitedKingdom
1955, ten years after he was initiated in surat shabd yoga (the Polarity
Spiritual Sound Current, the Word) he visited his teacherʹs Therapy
ashram in the Punjab for the first time. Some years later he Association
dividedhisprofessionallifebetweenhereandChicago,spending
sixmonthsoftheyeartreatingAmericansforafeeandlecturing
BasedonanarticlebyChrisRudd
to other doctors and students, and six months in India, treating Page1 Slowtoembrace
Asthetwoserpentine
IttookDrStonefiftyyearstodeveloppolaritytherapy;andit
currentsdescend,they
willprobablybeanotherfiftyyearsbeforeitiswidelyrecognised
crossovereachother
as an effective therapeutic system. Medical practice has always
beenslowtoembracenewideas;andalwayswillbe.Ittooktwo
andformfiveneutral
hundred years for lemon juice to catch on as a preventative for energycentres.
scurvy in Britain; and it has taken two
thousand years for yoga
andacupuncturetobeacceptedhere. Flowingenergy
Polarity therapy is a natural way to balance your inner
energyandtobehealthy‐physically,mentallyandemotionally.
Dr Stone says: “The Creator gav
e each person energy, which
flows from the centre to the circumference and returns by
polarityaction.Italsoflowsfromwithinoutward,andfromthe
top downward, and returns by reaction or attraction from the
surfacetothecentreandfrombelowtoabove.Bythesepathsof
energyorlightwavesandrays,wecanreachcauseandeffectsin
the body, and balance them within ourselves by mind and
emotional polarity or balance; and with the hand, as energy
Perhapsthemostamazingfeatureoftheinnerenergyisthat,
polarityofthepranasorthefivelifebreathswhichanimatethe
while everybody has it, only a few people know they have it.
fivesenses,assensoryandmotorfunctions.”
Your inner energy is nearer to you than your hands and feet,
closertoyouthanyourownnose. Specialgenius Simplisticviewofth electromagneticCur
Dr Stoneʹs polarity therapy is by no means the sole healing
loopingandspirallin
systemwhichbalancesourinnerenergy.DrStonewasthefirstto
inandaroundthe
concede this, having constructed his system from diverse
body,whichvibrates
sources. Ayurvedic medicine, acupuncture, acupressure, kum withpulsating
nye,shiatsu,tʹaichi,andsometype s ofyogaan d meditationcan wavesofenergy.
all help to restore the free flow of your inner energy. However,
thespecialgeniusofDrStonewasthathecouldexplainhowthis
innerenergyoperates,atbothahumanlevelandacosmiclevel,
and that he could demonstrate ‐ to even his most critical
colleagues in the medical profession ‐ ho w this energ y can be
balanced by manipulation, nutrition, counselling and a few
simplestretchingexercises. Lawofpolarity
Dr Stone called his therapy ʹpolarityʹ because it balances the
electromagnetic currents of energy which flow backwards and
forwardsbetweenthepositiveandnegativepolesofthehuman
body, which is like a living magnet. Without polarity we can
havenolifeonthismaterialplane,noenergyflow,nobreathing
inandbreathingout,nofeelingsofhotorcold,pleasureorpain,
love or hate. For life to flow there must be poles for it to flow
between, just as planet Earth needs its North Pole and South
Pole.DrStoneexplains: Soundandlight
“Polarity is the law of opposites in thei
r finer attraction
fromcentretocentre.Unityisthemergingofthesecurrentsinto
Inner energy wasnʹt the invention of Dr Stone. He merely
one Essence. Creation brings forth opposites by its centrifugal
discovered for himself what thousands of mystics and subtle
force,likeafountainsprayofmanifestationflowingout to the
physicians had known and practised for thousands of years
limitsofthecosmosandofeachpatternunit.Centresofenergy
beforehim.Theseancientsagesfoundthatthelifeforceinmanis
areessentialforcreationoflifeformsandtheirgeneration.Itis
the same as the life force in every living thing in the universe.
essential tha
t energy be concentrated, and work according to
They realised that it whirls round and round in the smallest
definitepatternsanddesigns,orexhaustionwouldtakeplace.”
microscopic cell in the same manner that it spins in the largest
galaxy. Through developing their awareness, they were able to
DrStoneʹslawofpolarityisacosmiclaw,whichisexpressed
experiencethisinnerenergyassoundandlight.
in the microcosm (the human body) in the same way that it is
impressedonthemacrocosm(thecreationaboveandbeyondthe
Theinner,energymanifestsatmanylevels‐spiritual,mental humanbody).
and physical ‐ and ha s been know n by many name s by many
practitioners down the ages. The Chinese called it tao o r chi.
The energy centres of your body are but pale reflections ‐
Indians called the higher energy shabd or nam, and the lower
smaller, less dynamic dynamos ‐of the energy centres of the
energy prana. The Greeks called it logos of the music of the
astral, causal and spiritual planes above it. They have th e same
spheres. Hippocrates called it natureʹs life force. The early
design and share the same primal source o
f energy ‐ God , Tao,
Christians called it the Word or Holy Ghost. Paracelsus called it
Love, Life, call it what you will. Which means, says Dr Stone,
munia.ReichenbachcalleditOd.WilhelmReichcalleditorgone
that you and every other human being have the possibility of
energy.AndDrStonecalleditelectromagnetic e nergy.
accesstothesehigherenergycentres. Page2 TheThreeGunas
these energy relationships and this process is the foundation of polaritytherapy.
Thegeneralmovementofenergyinbothmanandthecosmos
is governed by the three gunas. They are much like the Chinese Onlyonedisease
concept of yin and yang. The gunas are principles of energy
DrStonesays:“Healthistheneutralpositioninlifebywhich
movementthroughitspoles:sattvas,theneutralphase;rajas,the
the cellular activity of the body is in a neutral polarity state
positive phase; and tamas, the negative phase. All energy must
calledbalance.Inthisstatetheenergiesinthebodyareintune
move through these phases. The gunas, as principles of energy
andincommunicationwithalllifeinthecosmosandexchange
movement,outlineitsflow.Thefiveelements,asexpressionsof
freely in etheric and airy essences, and elements so vital to
thequalityofthismovement,defineitsprogression.
health,throughabalancedflowofelectromagneticlightwaves, Fivechakras
likeriversfromauniversaloceanofsupply.”
The first energy centre created in your body is at your eye Medical science ha s discovered thousand s of different
centre or ʹthird eyeʺ, which is positioned in your brain, behind
diseasesandailments.Inoverfiftyyearsofdiligentresearch,Dr
and between your two eyes. From here, via three energy
Stone could find only one disease: blocked energy. He says: currents,
“Disease is not an entity,
a series of step down phases occur, which form five
nor a fixed thing. It is nothing but a more
blockageof thecurrentsof life in theirflowand patterncircuits.
energycentreswhichDrStone,incommo n withayurvedic
doctors,callschakras(inSanskrit ,achakrameans a whir l orspin).
All pain is but an obstruction to this energy flow. A cure
constitutesreachingthelifecurrentwithinandre‐establishinga
Astheenergyfountainsoutofyoureyecentreorʹthirdeyeʹ,
free flow of its energy currents. Anything short of this is but a
it forms a double helix or two interlocking spirals. These two
reliefmeasure.”
snake‐like, spiralling currents of energy are polarised with
oppositecharges‐onepositive,theothernegative.Togetherthey
interweave down the central canal of your spinal cord. The
caduceus or wand of Hermes, the traditional symbol of
physicians,reflectsthispattern.Astheydescendfromtheceiling
of your consciousness to the floor of your pelvis, the two
polarisedcurrentscrossovereachotheratfiveplaces.
The positive and negative charges of the two serpentine
streams (ida and pingala) cancel each other out where the two
currents meet, so that each crossover poin t becomes neutral.
Thusfiveneutralenergycentresaregeneratedinyourbody.
These energy centres or chakras are like Catherine wheel
fireworks, constantly spinning and whirling, continuously
replenishingyourbodyandallitsorgan
s withfreshenergy .The
maindifferencebetweenoneenergycentreandanotherisinthe
density of the energy which it directs. The energy of the first
chakrainyourspineisth e finest,an d th e energyofth e fifthand
finalchakraisthecoarsest.Thisresultsinfivedifferentqualities
Polarityrelationships ofenergy.
betweendifferentparts
Physicians of old called these five qualities of energy
ofthebody,with
ʹelementsʹ.Weʹveuse d invertedcomma s her e tostresstoyo u tha t
positive,neutraland
these ʹelementsʹ are not
physical or chemical
states, but subtle negativepoles.
qualitiesofinnerenergy.Thefiveelementsindescendingorder
areakashorether,air,fire,waterandearth.FranklynSills,author
of The Polarity Process, describes the elements as follows, ‘The
Polarity therapy balances your inner energy in four natural
five elements are names given to the qualities of
energy which arise
ways: balanced touching, balanced eating, balanced stretching,
from the different chakra centres. These energetic states are also
balanced thinking. It is only in the first of these ‐ bodily
manifestations of qualities of consciousness, and thus have vast manipulation‐tha t thepolarit y therapistdoesan y work ;a t least
implicationsinthe
understanding of health anddisease. Oneʹs quality
three‐quartersofthebalancingworkisdonebyyou,theclient.
ofconsciousnessandoneʹspatternsofbehaviourareattheroot of these
Therapist comes from a Greek word, theraps, an attendant. processes.’
This accurately describes what a polarity therapist does: she
Allfivequalitiesofenergyarefoundeverywhereinthebody,
gives attention to your inner energy, thatʹs all. She doesnʹt
but each is in predominance in its own sphere of psychological
balanceit,youdo.DrStonesays:“Ifyouwisht o gai n healt h and
andphysiologicalactivity.Thelowerthechakracentre,themore
+happiness,youmustworkforitandlabourinitsvineyardall
restrictedthequalityofconsciousnessandthecoarserthequality
hours,dayandnight,inthoughtsandindeeds.Beanartistand
of vibration. We can become blocked and imbalanced in any
anarchitectinyourownhouse,yourtemple,yourbodyandyour
phase of energy and any
mind.Buildandstruggle,anddonʹtexpectanybodyelsetodoit quality of conscious‐ foryou.” ness. This blocking
In polarity therapy you wonʹt find any doctor and patient will prevent a
relationship‐noteacherandpupil,n o adultan d child.Ther e are completed circuit
justtwoordinarypeople,bothonthesamelevel,bothattending or cycle of energy
tothesamething:balancingyourenergy. to occur, and im‐
We refer to you as a client (Latin, cliens, listening), not as a balance and dis‐ ient ease
(Latin, patiens, suffering), because you are in therapy to processes will pat
listen to your body talking, not to suffer ensue.
the misery of drugs and Health is the unblocking of
surgery.Weʹdratherconcentrateonthepositivequalityofhealth
throughself‐awareness,ratherthanthenegativestatesofdisease
ThefiveenergycentresaresymbolisedbytheCaduceus. andpain.
Thewingsrepresentthetwohemispheresofthebrain. Page3 Therapeutictouch
Awarenessofthoughts
The balanced touch of polarity therapy works on various
Atthefoundationofourimbalancesarenegativeprocessesof
levels of related energy pattern s in you r body: nervou s system,
thought and emotional patterning. Dr Stone says: ʺWe become
cranial, spinal, musculoskeletal. The therapeutic touch of the
that which we contemplate. Negative thoughts and fears make
polaritytherapistisgenerallygentle,non‐invasiveandsensitive
grooves in the mind, as negative energy waves of despondency
totheclient’sprocess.
and hopelessness. We cannot think negative thoughts and reap
positive results, and therefore we must assert the positive and
The therapist uses both hands, one each on specific polarity
maintainapositivepatternofthinkingandactingasourideal.ʺ
points, as may be needed to balance the energy currents in the
client’s body. This has nothing to do with faith healing or the
Through greater self‐awareness, we can redirect our lives in ʹlayingonofhand ʹ s .Th
e principlesofpolaritytherap y astaught
more constructive directions. Your polarity therapist will help
by Dr Stone are applicable to any system of healing and are
youachievethisgoalbymeansofcaringcounselling,aswellas
thoroughly explained and illustrated in his books, published
sensitive bodywork. Clients are encouraged to make a duringhislifetime.
commitment to positive change and to take responsibility for theirownhealth. Diet
Interestedintherapy?
In 1709, Thomas Dykes ,
an English clergyman , wrote: “How
many people daily dig their own graves, either with their teeth, their
If you want to know where your
nearest polarity therapist is, the
tongues,ortheirtails.”Eatingthewrongfood,oreatingtoomuch
United Kingdom Polarity Therapy
or too little of the right food, can unbalance your energy and
Association(UKPTA)cangiv e yo u a shortenyourlife. national list of registered
The polarity therapist offers a variety of cleansing diets and
practitioners. The Association is a
procedures to help the client rid his/her bodyof its toxicity, to professional organisation which
enableyourvitalorganstofunctioninahealthierenvironment.
represents the interests of both client
Theclient’sawarenessofwhichfoodsfeedanimbalanceintheir
and therapist. Therapists within the Association have had a
system also helps them to take responsibility for their own
minimumoftwoyearsʹprofessionaltrainingandareinvolvedin
health. Together, client and therapist explore health building
on‐goingpostgraduatestudies.
diets and nutrition using the Ayurvedic
systemofnutritionandthefourelements
The Association monitors and maintains standards of
askeystodietaryimbalance.
professionalism. Only qualified polarity therapists are members
oftheUKPTAandcanusetheinitialsRP
P aftertheirname.Fora free
PolarityTherapyisthescienceof
listofqualifiedan
d registeredpractitioners,contact:
balancingoppositeenergies. TheAdministrator,
UnitedKingdomPolarityTherapyAssociation,
Stretchingpostures MonomarkHouse, systemofeasy
27OldGloucesterStreet, DrStonedevelopeda LondonWC1N3XX
postures which anyone o f any ag e can do
Telephone:07007052748
anywhere at any time. They consist of gentle stretching and
Email:info@ukpta.org.uk
rockingexercises,plusmorevigorousexercisesusingmovement
and sound to stimulate the release of blocked energy. The
The UKPTA is a member (MO12) of the
exercisesaregearedtoworkwiththeinterrelatedenergiesofthe
BritishComplementaryMedicineAssociation.
five elements and are intended to support the progress being
Interestedintraining?
made in your therapy sessions. They enable you to be active in
maintaininganopenandbalancedflowofvitalenergy.
TheUnitedKingdomPolarityTherapyAssociationmaintains
and monitors a list of approved schools offering a professional
training in all aspects of polarity therapy. It also offers
introductoryseminarsforthegeneralpublic.
FordetailsoftrainingpleasecontacttheUKPTA(above).
Forfurtheradviceandinformationyourlocalregistered
polaritytherapistis: DeirdreYoungs
Theembryointhemotherʹswombisinfluencedbytheenergylinesoffourofthe
fiveelements:earth,water,fireandair.Thepositionoftheembryoreflectsthe
naturalsquattingpostureofman‐apositioninwhichallenergycurrentscanflow
freelytobuildaperfecthumanbody. Page4