Đề cương ôn tập Ngữ âm đối chiếu từ vựng, ngữ nghĩa môn Ngôn ngữ học | Trường Đại học Hà Nội

Đề cương môn ngữ âm đối chiếu từ vựng, ngữ nghĩa I.Lexical CA
- Lexicology is the study of lexis or lexicon, or in other words, the study of the vocabulary system of a language. ( Từ vựng học là nghiên cứu về
từvựng, hay nói cách khác là nghiên cứu hệ thống từ vựng của một ngôn ngữ).
- Lexicology deals with word formation (lexical morphology/hình thái từ vựng) and word meaning (lexical semantics/ngữ nghĩa từ vựng).
-> The contents of LCA (Lexical Contrastive Analysis) will concern:
+ Contrastive lexical morphology: is the study of morphemes and how morphemes are lined up systematically to form words. (là nghiên cứu về
các hình vị và cách các hình vị được sắp xếp một cách có hệ thống để tạo thành từ; Morphology is the study of word structure) Contents Define Details Morphemes -
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of a language 1. Free morphemes
that help constitute a word or parts of a word. 2. Bound morphemes -
A lexeme has different inflected forms.
+ Derivational morphemes (Build a new word with a
different semantic content and Usually change the lexical
category of a word) + Inflectional morphemes
*(Function to provide grammatical information and Do
not change the lexical category of a word)
*8 types of inflectional morphemes found on N.,V.,and Adj:
PLURAL; POSSESSIVE; 3 rd -PERSON SINGULAR; PAST
TENSE; PROGRESSIVE; PAST PARTICIPLE; COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVE Word 1. Affixation formation in 2. Conversion E. 3. Compounding 4. Shortening 5. Reduplication 6. Reversion (Back-formation) 7. Onomatopoeia Word
Wordification of morphemes is the word-formation process from which 1. ‘Wordification’ of morphemes formation in
a new word is formed by retaining the morphological make-up of its 2. Compounding V.
morpheme, but the morpheme is granted certain lexical meaning 3. Reduplication and/or grammatical function.
(Diễn đạt hình vị là quá trình hình thành từ từ mà một từ mới được
hình thành bằng cách giữ lại cấu trúc hình thái của hình vị của nó,
nhưng hình vị đó được cấp một ý nghĩa từ vựng và/hoặc chức năng ngữ pháp nhất định.)
+ Contrastive lexical semantics: Classified Define Types Note Dimensions Denotative meaning Denotative meaning of meaning (denotation) refers to the literal meaning of a word, the ‘dictionary definition’. Connotative Connotative meanings meaning refers semantic associations that a word has Social meaning Social meaning tells us about the person who is using the word Sense
Syntagmatic relation It refers to the + Collocation (cụm từ) Although….But relationships
relationship between the + Collocational limitations
+ In English: wash (v.) (hair, hands, words in the same clause clothes, dishes, …) (or sentence)
+ In Vietnamese: wash (v.) (giặt (quần
áo), gội (đầu), rửa (tay), rửa (bát), ...) Paradigmatic It concerns how different - Synonymy (words of which
- Formation of synonyms in E. & V: relation words could be meaningsare nearly identical) + Borrowings substituted for each of
+ absolute synonyms (thay thế trong + Word formation the words of the mọi trường hợp) Reduplication sentence
+ Dominant synonym (a central word Insertion of a group of synonyms) Affixation Words in paradigmatic - Antonymy: Antonyms are two + Meaning transference semantic relation are
(or rarely more) words of the same + Dialectism often words of the same
language belonging to the same part -Formation of antonymy:
word class, thus, forming of speech with contradictory meaning. + In English: By affixation a paradigm.
+ Contrary antonyms are words in
which the assertion of one indicates
+ In Vietnamese: By addition of Sino-
the negation of the other, but the
Vietnamese affixes to the root
negation of one does not imply the assertion of the other. + Complementary antonyms are
antonyms in which the assertion of
one suggests the negation of the other and vice versa
+ Relational antonyms Relational
antonyms are those denoting the
same subject but one is viewed from a
different perspective. - Hyponymy
occurs among words in which the meaning of one word
includes (or is included in) the meaning of other(s). Meaning Polysemy Polysemy is a linguistic hand in English variations phenomenon in which a lành inVietnamese single lexeme has two (or more than two) different but related senses. Homonymy Homonymy is a linguistic + Homonyms proper: same ball – ball;fall – fall phenomenon in which
pronunciation, same spelling, different buy – by – bye;piece – peace words have the same in meanings
wind (n.) – wind (v.); lead (n.) – lead
sound and spelling, or, at + Homophones: same pronunciation, (v.) least, in one of these
different spelling, different meanings
Con kiến bò lên đĩa thịt bò aspects, but different in + Homographs: same spelling, their meanings.
different pronunciation, different meanings Meaning Metaphor Metaphor is the type of She is a bee transference meaning transference Orange- màu cam based on the similarity between two objects (or events, phenomena, qualities, etc.). Metonymy Metonymy is the type of
The White House supports the bills. meaning transference Nhà có năm miệng ăn based on the association between two objects (or events, phenomena, qualities, etc.) II. Grammatical CA
- A contrastive grammar of two languages may be defined as an attempt to systematically compare the grammars of these languages. - GCA helps
+ identify the similarities and differences between 2 languages;
+ solve the linguistic, socio-cultural problems English Vietnam Define Classified Types Number In English, number + Singular form =
Plural markers in English are non-productive: Use of quantifiers/numerals: distinguishes nouns, unmarked form
+ Change in internal vowels: foot – feet; - Cardinals: verbs, adjectives, + Plural form = goose – geese etc. according to
+ Definite numbers: một, hai, ba, mỗi,… marked form (use whether they are
+ Use of the archaic inflectional morphemes of morphemes s/- singular or plural,
+ Indefinite numbers: dăm, một vài, năm
(e)n: ox – oxen, child – children es) and countable or bảy, nhiều, mọi, … uncountable
+ Identical form between singular and plural - Ordinals: forms: sheep,deer, trout
+ thứ + a number: người thứ nhất, phòng
+ Two plural forms of borrowed nouns: thứ ba, tháng (thứ) 3…
memorandum – memoranda/memorandums
+ a nucleus noun + a definite number: gác 2, phòng 4, …
- Forms of the noun itself (singular & plural forms)
- Effects of number on forms of the noun/verb/other surrounding words Tense tense shows:
Sometimes, formal/auxiliaries words such as
đã/ đang/ sẽ/ vẫn đang don’t show the right - the
tenses in some specific contexts. relationship between the action
Cách đây một tháng, việc kinh doanh chuỗi and the moment of
nhà hàng ăn uống của anh ấy còn đang trên speaking
đỉnh cao của sự nghiệp, vậy mà nay đã trở về con số 0. - the relationship between the different actions within one sentence
Means of expressing tenses in English and Vietnamese (lexically/grammatically)
Effects on the verb form in sentences Aspect Aspect described by
The indefinite, the Aspect is shown by verbs/auxiliary verbs
Aspect is shown by special words, not by a verb is viewed, progressive, the verb form -> verb form such as whether the perfect, and the action happens once perfect or repeatedly, is progressive completed or still continuing Voice Voice expresses the the active; and Bị/được: relationship the passive
Express negative/positive meaning with the between a verb and
main verb or the context without the main the noun phrase(s) verb. which is/are associated with it.
III. C.A. of Syntactic functions English Vietnamese Subject Define
The subject is whoever or whatever is doing the action of
A subject introduces the ‘topic’ of a sentence
the verb, and it is usually a noun or a pronoun Means of
+ By a word: Books are good for people.
+ By a word (noun, personal pronoun, adjective, expression
numeral, etc): Nắng đẹp thật.
+ By a phrase: Those books are good for people.
+ By a phrase (NP, PP): Cái màu xanh đó gợi bao nhớ
+ By a clause: That I love him is unknown. thương.
+ By a clause: Cô ấy đến làm tôi vui.
+ By [từ… đến..]: Từ nhà tớ đến nhà cậu hết 10 phút đi bộ.
+ By idioms: Im lặng là vàng không đúng ở mọi trường hợp trong cuộc sống Positions + Front-position: She left. + Front-position: Mưa rơi!
+ Mid-position: Sad was she when she received the bad
+ Mid-position: Rơi hết sách tao rồi! news. + End-position: Cháy nhà!
+ End-position: In the room is his dog. English Vietnamese Predicat Define
The predicate is what is‘predicated’ (or
The predicate of a sentence is considered the main part of the sentence e
said to be true) about the subject
as it ‘develops’ the subject. Classification + By a word: It rains. + By a word: Chim bay.
+ By a phrase (VP): It is raining.
+ By a phrase: Mấy con chim ríu rít gọi nhau trên cành cây.
+ By a clause: Cái chợ này hàng hóa đa dạng lắm!
+ By the structure with là/bằng: Cái chảo này bằng gang.
+ By [numeral + N]: Sợi dây này 15 mét.
+ By idioms: Hắn ta bắt cá hai tay English Vietnamese Complemen Define
Complement is an element giving further
1. Nguyễn Văn Hiệp t
information about the subject or the object of the sentence.
*Complement is the main part of a sentence. *Classification: Classification
+ Subject complement (Predicative): Mary seems happy. -
On the ground of types of verbs preceding the complement:
+ Object complement: Tom drives Jessica crazy.
+ Complement overlaps the object in S-V-O structure (if V is a Means of
+ By a word: I will let her go.
prototypical transitive verb): Chị ấy nhuộm tóc. expression
+ By a phrase: She is very smart.
+ By a clause: The question is when he comes Functions
+ Give further information about the subject
+ Complement denotes location or destination (Chúng tôi vào
nhà.); attitude or emotion (Thằng bé sợ ma.) (if V is a less
+ Give further information about the object prototypical transitive verb) -
On the ground of inclusion of a preposition in a sentence: 2 types
+ Direct complement: Tôi tặng cái đồng hồ cho bố.
+ Indirect complement: Tôi tặng cái đồng hồ cho bố. -
On the ground of formation: 3 types:
+ Complement expressed by a word: Bộ phim rất hài hước.
+ Complement expressed by a phrase: Gió thổi rất mạnh.
+ Complement expressed by a clause: Tôi viết bản nhạc hay. 2. Diep Quang Ban
* Complement is a syntactic constituent that modifies a verb (or
an adjective) in the sentence. *Classification:
- On the ground of the syntactic component affected by the verb: Tôi học Toán. -
On the ground of the component that syntactically
functions as a subject: (Bếp) đầy đồ ăn. -
On the ground of the context in which the complement occurs: Con ngựa chết khát.
3. Le Thanh Huong & Do Ba Lam
*Complement has some functions in the sentence. *Classification: -
A complement describes the degree of the word it modifies.
Anh ta rất hào hứng luyện tập bóng chuyền mỗi chiều. -
A complement shows its relationship (direct/indirect) with other elements.
Cậu bé đang ăn bánh mỳ. -
A descriptive complement following a verb or an
adjective often expresses the manner, place, quality, etc. : Gió thổi mạnh. English Vietnamese Object Define
Objects in English refer to the person or
***Nguyen Van Hiep (2014): object is treated as complement
thing toward which the subject directs
1. Direct complement: Nó đang học bài.
the process spoken of in the verb. It
denotes the receiver of the action in an active sentence.
2. Indirect complement: Tớ tặng một căn biệt thự cho cô ấy.
****Doan ThienThuat, et al. (2012): 2 types Classification 1.
Indirect object: He gave me a nice present yesterday.
1. Direct object: Chúng tôi học ngoại ngữ. 2.
Direct object: He gave me a nice
2. Indirect object: Con vay tiền của anh ấy. present yesterday. 3.
Prepositional object: He is waiting for his girlfriend outside. Means of by a word/a phrase/a clause expression English Vietnamese Attribute Define
the part of a sentence, usually precedes a ****Nguyễn Văn Hiệp:
noun or a noun phrase and modifies the 1.
based on the epistemic modality which focuses on one’s
meaning of that noun or noun phrase. knowledge or inference: Functions modify the N/NP
Hẳn là cô ấy sinh ra trong một gia đình quyền quý. Position precede or follow the N/NP 2.
based on the deontic modality which indicates social norms:
Ai đời học hành tử tế vậy mà lại đi trộm cắp. 3. based on syntactic formation
-Word attribute (có lẽ, chắc chắn, tất nhiên, etc.)
- Phrase attribute (chẳng biết chừng, kiểu gì thì kiểu, nói của đáng tội, etc.) *** Diệp Quang Ban:
- An attribute is a subordinate part of the sentence which goes with a
noun and describes the feature of that noun. - Classification: 2 types
1. Quantitative attribute (tất cả, hết thảy, cả, những, các, mấy, etc.)
Tất cả mọi người tập trung trên lớp sau 8 giờ nhé! 2. Descriptive attribute:
Trẻ em (ở) miền núi rất khỏe. Means of 1.
By a word: She gave me a special expression thing after the class. 2.
By a phrase:The way to conquer her heart is to buy a villa. 3.
By a clause:All the books I have given to you are hers.
Order and role Attributes+N (fixed) N+Attributes (flexible) of attributes in a NP English Vietnamese Adjunct Define
An adjunct is a word, a phrase, or a
clause which functions as an adverb in the sentence. Functions
modify the meaning of the main
subordinate part of a sentence verb. Position 1. Front-position Front position (common); 2. Mid-position (common) Mid position; 3. End-position (common) End position Means of 1. By a word: I spoke softly to expression her. 2. By a phrase: I spoke to her with a soft voice. 3.
By a clause: If you like her, you
should talk to her about your feelings. Types of
9 types (time, place, reason, result, ***Nguyễn Văn Hiệp: adverbial
condition, concession, purpose, 1.
based on the meaning: 8 types (time, place, reason,condition, concession, clauses manner, comparison)
purpose, manner, agent emphasis) 2. based on formation: 2 types
- Marked adjunct: Ở trong lớp, giáo viên đang giảng bài.
- Unmarked adjunct: Bước chân tới nơi này, tôi như lạc vào xứ sở thần tiên ***Diệp Quang Ban
7 types (time, place, reason, condition, concession, purpose,situation) IV. C.A. of Sentences
- In English: A sentence as the largest grammatical unit which expresses a more or less complete thought (or idea), and has a definite
grammatical form (a subject and a finite verb) and a certain pattern of intonation.
- InVietnamese: A sentence as the smallest unit of a language, which conveys a complete thought and which is potentially served as a means of communication - Semantic criterion 1. Declarative sentences 2. Interrogative sentences 3. Imperative sentences 4. Exclamatory sentences
- Syntactic criterion (Structural criterion) 1. Simple sentences 2. Compound sentences 3. Complex sentences English Vietnamese Define Forms Define Forms Semantic Declarative Declarative sentences, or 1. Affirmative form: You Declarative
1. Affirmative form: Mẹ đang nấu cơm. criterion sentences statements, are need to know my plans. sentences, or
- use vậy, mà, rồi, là cùng, còn gì, etc. in end primarily used to give statements, are 2. Negative form: position information used to give - use not after Aux. information.
Tớ sẽ đến cơ quan anh ấy vậy.
(don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t/h
2. Negative form: use negative words asn’t/haven’t) -
không, chưa, chẳng before a You don’t need to know my verb. plans. -
không phải before the verb là- - use fail + to-infinitive:
đâu, nào, ai, gì, ..to reject an idea: He failed to pass the exam. Chị có đi đâu. - use negative words (hardly/seldom/never,etc.)
Hardly could I understand him. Interrogative Interrogative sentences, 1. General Q (Y/N Q): Do Interrogative 1.
General Q: use ai, thế nào, sao, bao sentences
or questions, are used to you like oranges? sentences, or
nhiêu,etc. (Sao anh im lặng?) get information questions, are used 2. Special Q (Wh-word Q 2.
Partial Q: use gì, bao giờ, bao lâu, to get information [+ How]): What do you know? đâu (Anh ăn gì?) 3. Alternative Q: Which
3.Alternative Q: use nào (Anh thích màu do youlike, red or blue? nào?) 4. Tag Q: You met her,
- Use alternative pairs có…không, đã … chưa didn’t you?
-> the answer is one choice: có/không có, đã (rồi)/chưa NOTE:
Particles à, ư, nhỉ, đấy à, hả, chứ … can be
used at the end of a statement to make Q with emphasis. Anh đánh nó hả? Imperative Imperative sentences 1. Use bare infinitives: Imperative
1. Use a verb: Mặc kệ nó!, Im mồm, etc. sentences are used to make Come on!
sentences are used 2. Use a noun (sometimes): Tay! Mồm! commands, orders or to make 2. Use a noun: Coffee! requests, and often have commands, orders 3. Use request words: a falling intonation 3. Use an adverb: or requests. pattern -
đi after a verb to express an urge: Đi Quickly! đi!, Học đi! 4. Use an adjective: -
đừng, chớ before the verb to Quick!
express an advice: Đừng khóc!, Đừng nói to!
4. Use special words to make request:
- Polite words (mời, xin, yêu cầu,..)
-Words with negative meanings (không được/nên, cấm, ..)
-Verbs expressing requests (cho, cứ, để): Cho
con đi với!, Để nó làm! Exclamatory Exclamatory sentences 1. Use of interjection: Exclamatory 1.
Use of interjections ối, á, a, ối giời,: sentences are used to express Wow!
sentences are used to Ôi đẹpquá! different states of express different 2. Use of how/what 2.
Use structure: Sao… thế/nhỉ: Sao đẹp emotions, feelings, states of emotions, thế nhỉ! attitudes, etc. How nice she is! feelings, attitudes, etc. 3.
Use stress and intonation (in spoken What a boy! form): Nó ngủ cả ngày! 3. Use of
stress/intonation in any types of sentences (in spoken form) She has come! English Vietnamese Define Components Patterns Define Components Patterns Structural Simple A simple 1. 1 Subject 1. S –V A simple 1. One criterion sentences sentence is the (a N,NP, sentence can subject (a 2. S –V – C smallest unit Pronoun, be called a word/a which has a
numeral, gerund, 3. S –V – DO twocomponent phrase/a subject and a etc.) simple clause) predicate. 4. S –V – IO – DO sentence given 2. 1 2. One the Predicate (a V; V 5. S –V – O – C predicate (a + 6. S –V –A word/a object/complem ent/adjunct) 7. S –V – O –A importance of phrase/a the subject and clause)
8. S –V – O – C – A the predicate. Compound A compound A compound 1. Independent compounds: sentences sentence sentence
use ofcomma ( Tôi hát, nó cũng consists of at includes two or
hát.); use of connectives và, và least two more groups of
rồi, hay, hay là, còn, etc. ( Tôi học independent subjectpredicate. còn nó chơi.) clauses which They are 2. Subordinate compounds: are classified based 2 types on the connected by - Subordinate compounds coordinators semantic ties with one connective between the syntactic MAIN CLAUSE – CONNECTIVE + components. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Anh ấy khỏe nhờ anh ấy chịu khó tập thể thao. - Subordinate compounds with more than one connective CONNECTIVE 1 + SUBORDINATE
CLAUSE – CONNECTIVE 2 + MAIN CLAUSE ***Further types: - Clauses connected by
function words (vừa (mới)…đã…, chưa…