Final Exam Notes on Development & Disorders môn Principle of Management | Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

C 0: N SO S , g y ( ạ ị ạ g
◦ Prejudice: an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude toward
position that runs counter to your private attitude
giới): There are three types of disorders in thiscategory:
another group of people ◦ Discrimination: specific unfair
-A mental disorder is generally defined as a
- Self-perception theory: we first observe or
behaviors exhibited toward members of a group
prolonged or recurring problem that seriously
perceive our own behavior and then, as a result,
gender-identity disorders, paraphilias and sexual -Functions of stereotypes:
interferes with an individual’s ability to live a
dysfunction: một người xác định mạnh mẽ bản thân mình
+ Thought-saving device. - Stereotypes help us conserve we change our attitudes
satisfying personal life and function adequately
với giới tính ngược lạ
time and energy when making decisions in social - Persuasion: in society
- Axis 2: Personality Disorders (rối loạn nhân cách)
situations. - By using stereotypes, we make quick (and
+ Central route for persuasion ◦ presents - Cause of mental disorders:
sometimes inaccurate) decisions and thus save time and
- Axis 4 Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
information with strong arguments, analyses, + Biological factors:
energy by not having to analyze an overwhelming amount
- Axis 5 Global Assessment of Functioning Scale: đánh giá
facts, and logic ◦ Peripheral route for persuasion ◦
of personal and social information.
-Genetic factor(di truyền): unlearned or
how symptoms affect to their life
emphasizes emotional appeal, focuses on
Alertness and survival. - Natural awareness of individuals
inherited tendencies that influence how a person
- Psychological symptoms: irritable, having difficulty
personal traits, and generates positive feelings 3, Symptoms
of unfamiliar groups (such as race) thinks, behaves, and feels
+ Attributions: Things we point to as the cause of events, -Social and group influences:
- Neurological factor(thần kinh ): having an
concentrating, and being unable to control one’s worry,
other people’s behaviors, and our own behaviors
+ Hazing: ma cũ bắt nạt ma mới
overactive brain structure that contributes to the
which is out of proportion to the actual event.-
-Internal: explanations of behavior based on the internal
+ Conformity: Any behaviors you perform
development of a mental disorder by causing a
Physical symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, sweating,
characteristics or dispositions of the person performing the because of group pressure, even though that
person to see the world in a biased or distorted
flushing, pounding heart, insomnia, headaches, and muscle behavior
pressure might not involve direct requests
way and to see threats when none really exist.
tension or aches (bồn chồn)
-External: explanations of behavior based on the external
+Compliance: Kind of conformity in which we circumstances or situations
+Cognitive-Emotional Behavioral &
give in to social pressure in our public responses
Social phobias: fear of performing in social
*Biases and errors of attributions: Environmental Factors:
but do not change our private beliefs
situations.Fearembarrass themselves
- Actor-observer effect: when you are behaving (or
-Deficits in cognitive processes, such as having
Specifific:fearunreasonable(flying,height)
acting), to attribute your own behavior to situational
+Foot-in-the-door technique: Technique of unusual thoughts and beliefs;
factors. ◦ However, when you are observing others, you
starting with a little request to gain eventual
-Deficits in processing emotional stimuli, such
4, Phobia (Feer become a phobia)
Agoraphobia: Agoraphobia is characterized by anxiety
attribute another’s behavior to his or her personality traits
compliance with a later request
as under or overreacting to emotional situations;
about being in places or situations from which escape might or disposition
+Obedience: Performing some behavior in
-Behavioral problems, such as lacking social be difficult or embarrassing
- Self-serving bias: explaining our successes by attributing
response to an order given by someone in a skills; Therapist (nhà trị liệu)
them to our dispositions or personality traits and position of power or authority
- Psychiatrists: bác sĩ tâm thần
explaining our failures by attributing them to the
- Environmental challenges, such as dealing
-Aggression: any behavior directed toward
- Clinical psychologists: nhà tâm lý học lâm sàng situations
with stressful situations. (War, accident, abused,
another that is intended to cause harm
- Counseling psychologists: tư vấn tâm lý
+ Attitudes: belief or opinion that includes an evaluation raped…)
of some object, person, or event along a continuum from CHAPTER 12: PERSUASION - Abnormal behavior: 5, Problem during therapy
- Transference (sự chuyển di): có thể yêu, ghét, tức giận đối
negative to positive that predisposes us to act in a certain -6 principles of persuasion:
+ defines a behavior as psychologically với người trị liệu
way toward that object, person, or event
+ Reciprocity(có qua có lại ): Under a feeling of
damaging or abnormal if it interferes with the
- Resistance: miễn cưỡng được giải quyết -Components of attitudes:
obligation, people are more likely to say YES to a
individual’s ability to function in his or her
- Short-term dynamic psychotherapy
+Cognitive component: includes both thoughts and request personal life or in society
beliefs involved in evaluating some object, person, or idea
=>Maximize your chances to receive a “Yes” by
+Affective component: emotional feelings that can be
making a larger request that is most likely refused
Axis 1: Nine Major Clinical Syndromes
weak or strong, positive or negative
1, Disorders are usually first diagnosed in
Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust ( tin hay không tin)
then make smaller request (which is your initial)
+Behavioral component: involves performing or not
infancy, childhood, or adolescence
Stage 2: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt ( tự performing some behaviors
+Commitment & consistency: People like to act
2, Organic mental disorders (rối loạn tâm cơ
chủ so với xấu hổ và nghi ngờ) Stage 3: Initiative *Attitude changes:
in line with the things they already said or done
hữu cơ): by diseases or chemicals
Versus Guilt (sáng kiến so với tội lỗi) Stage 4:
-Cognitive dissonance: a state of unpleasant psychological (cognitive dissonance)
3, Substance-related disorders (rối loạn do dùng
Industry Versus Inferiority(công nghiệp so với thấp
tension that motivates us to reduce our cognitive
+Social proof: when it comes to decision
chất kích thích): drug, alcohol
kém) Stage 5: Identity Versus Role Confusion (sự
inconsistencies by making our beliefs more consistent
making, we often look around us to see what
4, Schizophrenia (tâm thần phân liệt) and other
nhầm lẫn giữa danh tính và vai trò) Stage 6: with each other
others are doing, before making our mind up. psychotic disorders
Intimacy Versus Isolation (sự thân mật so với cô Why do people help?
+Liking: we have a higher tendency to agree with
5, Mood disorders: buồn vui thất thường lập)
Helping prosocial behaviour: giúp vì lợi ích người khác
people we like (factors: physical attractiveness,
6, Anxiety disorders (rối loạn lo âu) hoặc cộng đồng
7, Somatoform disorders (rối loạn cơ thể)
8, Dissociative disorders: These disorders all
Altruism: help ng khác at a cost or risk, for reasons other
similarity, compliments, contact and cooperation) than the expectation
+Authority: we are more likely to say yes to
feature a sudden, temporary alteration or
Why 1 vài ng ko help ng khác? The other people stood
others who are authoritative (carries great
dysfunctionof memory, consciousness, identity,
there without helping because of bystander effect.
expertise, knowledge or experience)
and behavior, as in dissociative amnesia and
According to bystander effect the presence of other people
+Scarcity: If the item is rare, we assume it has
multiple personality disorder (rối loạn đa nhân
inhibits the person's willingness to help others. Thus if
higher quality, and it is worth more than common cách)
there are many people present, a person is less willing to
item. 2. Scarcity principle limits the number of
help others. Bystander effect takes place because people opportunities available to us.
don't feel responsible alone to perform a task of helping
other. There is a diffusion of responsibility.
CHAPTER 8: Adolescence and adulthood
+ Stage 3, moral decisions are guided most by
-Authoritative parents: attempt to direct their 4. Kinds of stressors:
onforming to the standards of people we
children’s activities in a rational and intelligent
- Hassles: small, irritating, frustrating events that we face 1. Definition
alue (I’m not going to tell because I want
way supportive, loving, committed, encourage
-Adolescene: Developmental period, lasting from
daily and that we usually appraise or interpret as stressful
verbal give and take, and discuss their rules and er to like me)
about ages 12 to 18, during which policies with their children experiences
+ Stage 4, moral reasoning is determined
many biological, cognitive, social, and personality
+ Effects: Authoritative parenting, which
- Uplifts: small pleasurable, happy, and satisfying
most by conforming to laws and society
traits change from child-like to adult-like
balances clear, high parental demands with
experiences that we have in our daily lives
You can’t do that because teacher said No)
-Puberty: Developmental period between
emotional responsiveness and recognition of child - Major life events: potentially disturbing, troubling, or
.Abstract ideas: postconventional level
the ages of 9 and 17 Individual experiences
autonomy, is one of the most consistent family
disruptive situations, both positive and negative, that we
predictors of competence from early childhood
+ Stage 5, moral decisions are made after carefully
appraise as having a significant impact on our lives
hinking about all the alternatives
significant biological changes Results in developing
through adolescence. Adolescents being raised in
secondary sexual characteristics Sexual maturity 5.Dealing with stress
nd striking a balance between human rights
an authoritative parenting climate eat more fruit, - Social support: 3 factors:
2. Cognitive and Emotional change
nd laws of society (In this case, the rule
smoke less, drink less alcohol, and are less likely -
How a person perceives, thinks of,
+ Having a group or network of family or friends who may be wrong to use marihuana
understands his or her world through the in
provide strong social attachments
-Permissive parents: less controlling & behave
. Personality & social changes
interaction and influence of genetic and
+ Being able to exchange helpful resources among family or
- Adulthood: Erikson’s psychological stages
with a non-punishing & accepting toward their learned factors. friends
children’s impulses, desires and actions. Consult
+ Stage 5: Identity vs Confusion (Adolescents -
Traumatic adolescent experiences can
+And feeling, or making appraisals, that we have supportive
with children about policy decisions, make few
need to leave behind the carefree, irresponsible,
heavily affect personality development
demands, and tend to use reason rather than direct relationships and behaviors.
and impulsive behaviors of childhood and power. -Secondary appraisal:
3. Differences between adol &adulthood. develop the
+ Effects: Children with parenting patterns will
+ Problem-focused: decrease stress by solving the problem - Adolescene: more purposeful, planned, and
+ teenagers have less control over their emotional and
tend to be difficult to get along with, do not
(work on managing time, ask for support, establish health
responsible behaviors of adulthood.
impulsive behaviors moody, emotional, and impulsive
recognize or cannot control their own emotions,
boundaries, create a to-do list)
+ Stage 6: : intimacy versus isolation young cannot accept defeat, lack of responsibility from behaviors (bốc
+ Emotion focused: means we do things primarily to deal
adulthood (20 to 40) young adulthood is
within the child. Permissive Parenting Style and its đồng)
with our emotional distress seeking support and sympathy,
a time for finding intimacy by developing
Risks to Trigger Online Game Addiction among
+ Display a wide range of emotion
avoiding or denying the situation (exercise, take a bath,
loving and meaningful relationships can Children + Irritability and aggression
meditate, give yourself a talk)
find intimacy in caring relationships
CHAPTER 9; HEALTH, STRESS COPING
Adolescents need to leave behind the carefree, 6.Stress management program:
without intimacy, we will have a painful
1.Appraisal to arousal (nhận định to kích thích)
irresponsible, and impulsive behaviors of
1. Thought appraisal: think positively
feeling of isolation, and our relationships will - Making a threat or harm/loss appraisal results in
childhood and develop the more purposeful, 2. Behaviors
increased physiological arousal. be impersonal planned, and 3. Physiological responses
Calm => Stressful: Increase heart rate,
+ Stage 7: generativity versus stagnation
responsible behaviors of adulthood (if
stomachache, blood pressure,… CHAPTER 11: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
middle adulthood (40 to 65) time for
successful, develop a healthy and
-Person perception: seeing s.o and then forming 2.Physiological responses
helping the younger generation develop
confident sense of identity; if not, If
-Fight-flight response: một p/ư sinh lý xuất hiện
impressions and making judgments about that person’s
worthwhile lives positive: achieve generativity
not, experience role confusion results
khi có thứ gì đó gây khiếp sợ cho chủ thể, cả về cơ likability and the kind of person he or she is thể và tinh thần.
by raising our own children also by mentoring at in having low-self esteem and
-People often make judgments about others on the basis of
work and helping others negative: lack of
+Effects: Stomach symptoms, eating problem, becoming unstable or socially
physical appearance and accompanying stereotypes.
involvement leads to a feeling of stagnation, muscle pain and tension, fatigue(mệt mỏi), withdrawn + Physical apperance:
of having done nothing for the younger
headache, skin disorders, insomnia(mất ngủ), high 1/ Initial impressions and judgment about a person are
4. Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning: generation
blood pressure, heart pounding, weak immune -
Three levels of moral reasoning
heavily influenced and biased by a person’s physical
+ Stage 8: integrity versus despair late
system, increase chance of getting cold. appearance.
1.Self-interest: preconventional level
lthood (65 and older) time for reflecting on and 3.General adaption syndrome
lowest level of moral reasoning
2/ Need to explain: why a person looks, dresses, or
g how we met previous challenges and lived our - Refers to body reaction to stressful situations
+ stage 1, moral decisions are based behaves in a certain way
ive : if we can look back and feel content about during 3 stages
primarily on fear of punishment or the
3/ Influence on behavior: first impressions will influence
ived and what we accomplished, we will have a
+ Alarm stage: initial reaction to stress and is
need to be obedient (I would cheat if I
of satisfaction or integrity negative: if we reflect
on how you like and interact with a person
marked by activation of the fight-flight response know I wouldn’t get caught)
series of crises, problems, and bad experiences, causes physiological arousal
4/ Effects of race: members of one race generally
+ Stage 2: stage 2, moral reasoning is guided
we will have a feeling of regret and despair
+ Resistance stage the body’s reaction to
recognize faces of other races more accurately than faces of
most by satisfying one’s self-interest may
6. Parenting styles and effects
continued stress during which most of the other races
rian parents: attempt to shape, control, evaluate
physiological responses return to normal levels but
involve bargaining (I will let you copy mine + Stereotypes:
vior & attitudes of their childern with a set of
the body uses up great stores of energy. if you do my homework)
-Widely held beliefs that people have certain traits because standard of conduct
+ Exhaustion stage the body’s reaction to long-
2. Social approval: conventional level
they belong to a particular group
Aggressive behavior in early elementary school
term, continuous stress, marked by actual
+Represents an intermediate level of moral
◦ Often inaccurate; frequently portray members of less
elations to authoritarian parenting, children’s
breakdown in internal organs or weakening of the reasoning motionality.
infection-fighting immune system
powerful, less controlling groups more negatively than
members of more powerful, controlling groups