1. Why does income increase make servi
ces develop? (Tại sao thu nhập tăng làm cho dịch vụ phát triển?)
→ Forces driving the growth of service.
→ When income increases, the demand will increase as people are now able to afford more kinds
of service. For example, their demand for healthcare could increase since when people have more
money, they start paying attention to their health. Another example could be education service.
Parents with high income tend to send their kids to more prestigious schools regardless of tuition
fee. They might also hire qualified teaching assistants to help their kids study, or send their
children to extra classes in order to gain higher scores.
The relationship between income increases and the development of services is a complex one, but there
are several key reasons why higher income levels often lead to the growth and expansion of services:
1. Rising disposable income: When people's incomes increase, they generally have more money to
spend on discretionary items and services. This increased disposable income creates a greater demand
for services such as entertainment, dining out, travel, healthcare, education, personal care, and other leisure activities.
(Thu nhập khả dụng tăng: Khi thu nhập của mọi người tăng lên, họ thường có nhiều tiền hơn để chi tiêu
cho các mặt hàng và dịch vụ tùy ý. Thu nhập khả dụng tăng lên này tạo ra nhu cầu lớn hơn đối với các
dịch vụ như giải trí, ăn tối, du lịch, chăm sóc sức khỏe, giáo dục, chăm sóc cá nhân và các hoạt động giải trí khác.)
2. Changing consumption patterns: As income levels rise, people's preferences and consumption patterns
tend to shift. They start seeking more convenience, comfort, and specialized services. This leads to
the emergence and growth of various service sectors, such as hospitality, tourism, financial services,
professional services, healthcare, and entertainment.
(Thay đổi mô hình tiêu dùng: Khi mức thu nhập tăng lên, sở thích và mô hình tiêu dùng của mọi người có
xu hướng thay đổi. Họ bắt đầu tìm kiếm các dịch vụ tiện lợi, thoải mái và chuyên biệt hơn. Điều này dẫn
đến sự xuất hiện và tăng trưởng của các lĩnh vực dịch vụ khác nhau, chẳng hạn như khách sạn, du lịch,
dịch vụ tài chính, dịch vụ chuyên nghiệp, chăm sóc sức khỏe và giải trí.)
3. Increased demand for specialized services: Higher income levels often result in increased demand for
specialized services that cater to specific needs or preferences. For example, wealthier individuals
may seek personalized financial planning services, luxury goods and services, high-end healthcare,
exclusive travel experiences, and other niche services.
(Tăng nhu cầu đối với các dịch vụ chuyên biệt: Mức thu nhập cao hơn thường dẫn đến tăng nhu cầu đối
với các dịch vụ chuyên biệt phục vụ cho các nhu cầu hoặc sở thích cụ thể. Ví dụ: những cá nhân giàu có
hơn có thể tìm kiếm các dịch vụ lập kế hoạch tài chính được cá nhân hóa, hàng hóa và dịch vụ xa xỉ, dịch
vụ chăm sóc sức khỏe cao cấp, trải nghiệm du lịch độc quyền và các dịch vụ thích hợp khác.)
4. Technological advancements: Economic growth and increased income levels are often accompanied
by technological advancements. These advancements facilitate the delivery and accessibility of
services. For instance, improvements in communication technology have led to the rise of online
services, e-commerce, digital entertainment platforms, and telemedicine, making services more
accessible and convenient for a wider population.
(Tiến bộ công nghệ: Tăng trưởng kinh tế và tăng mức thu nhập thường đi kèm với tiến bộ công nghệ.
Những tiến bộ này tạo thuận lợi cho việc cung cấp và khả năng tiếp cận các dịch vụ. Ví dụ, những cải tiến
trong công nghệ truyền thông đã dẫn đến sự gia tăng của các dịch vụ trực tuyến, thương mại điện tử, nền
tảng giải trí kỹ thuật số và y tế từ xa, giúp các dịch vụ trở nên dễ tiếp cận và thuận tiện hơn cho nhiều người dân hơn.)
5. Urbanization and changing lifestyles: As economies grow and incomes rise, urbanization tends to
occur, and people's lifestyles change. Urban areas generally have higher incomes and offer a wider
range of services to meet the needs of the growing population. This includes services like
transportation, infrastructure, utilities, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, recreational facilities, and more.
(Đô thị hóa và thay đổi lối sống: Khi nền kinh tế phát triển và thu nhập tăng lên, quá trình đô thị hóa có
xu hướng diễn ra và lối sống của người dân thay đổi. Các khu vực đô thị thường có thu nhập cao hơn và
cung cấp nhiều loại dịch vụ hơn để đáp ứng nhu cầu của dân số ngày càng tăng. Điều này bao gồm các
dịch vụ như vận chuyển, cơ sở hạ tầng, tiện ích, cơ sở chăm sóc sức khỏe, cơ sở giáo dục, cơ sở giải trí, v.v.)
It's important to note that the relationship between income and services development is not always linear
or uniform across countries or regions. Factors such as government policies, economic structure, cultural
norms, and institutional frameworks can also influence the relationship between income growth and service sector development.
Case study about W
al–Mart and China .( Nghiên cứu điển hình về Wal–Mart và Trung Quốc.)
→ Benefits of Wal-Mart when outsourcing in China.( lợi ích wal-Mart khi gia công tại Trung Quốc.)
→ Benefits of China.( Lợi ích của Trung Quốc.) Case Study: Wal-Mart and China
Benefits of Wal-Mart when outsourcing in China:
1. Cost savings: One of the primary motivations for Wal-Mart to outsource its manufacturing to China is
the cost advantage. China has traditionally offered lower labor costs compared to many other
countries, allowing Wal-Mart to produce goods at a lower cost. This cost advantage enables Wal-Mart
to offer competitive prices to its customers and maintain profitability.
2. Access to a vast supplier base: China has a large and diverse manufacturing sector, with numerous
suppliers specializing in various product categories. By outsourcing in China, Wal-Mart gains access
to a vast supplier base, giving the company a wide range of options to source products from. This
allows Wal-Mart to diversify its supply chain and negotiate favorable terms with suppliers.
3. Scale and efficiency: China's manufacturing industry has matured over the years, resulting in the
development of large-scale manufacturing facilities. Wal-Mart can leverage China's production
capabilities to achieve economies of scale and improve operational efficiency. The country's
infrastructure and logistics networks also support efficient transportation and distribution of goods.
4. Flexibility and speed-to-market: China's manufacturing sector is known for its agility and quick
response to market demands. By outsourcing to China, Wal-Mart can take advantage of the country's
ability to rapidly adapt to changes in production requirements, launch new products, and meet tight
timelines. This flexibility helps Wal-Mart stay competitive in a dynamic retail environment. Benefits of China:
1. Abundant labor force: China has a vast labor force, which provides a significant advantage in terms
of production capacity. This large labor pool allows for efficient scaling of manufacturing operations
and the ability to meet the demand of global retailers like Wal-Mart.
2. Manufacturing expertise: China has developed considerable expertise in manufacturing processes and
techniques across various industries. The country's skilled workforce, technical knowledge, and
experience in mass production contribute to the high-quality output and efficient production methods.
3. Infrastructure and logistics: China has made substantial investments in infrastructure development,
including transportation networks, ports, and industrial zones. This infrastructure supports the
movement of goods domestically and internationally, facilitating the smooth flow of products from
factories to distribution centers and ultimately to Wal-Mart stores worldwide.
4. Market potential: China's large population presents a significant market opportunity for Wal-Mart. By
outsourcing in China, Wal-Mart establishes a presence in the country and gains access to the growing
consumer market. This can lead to increased sales and market share for the company.
5. Learning and innovation: By operating in China, Wal-Mart can tap into the country's culture of
innovation and technological advancements. China has become a hub for research and development
in various industries, including manufacturing. Wal-Mart can benefit from collaborations with
Chinese partners, access to new technologies, and exposure to innovative practices.
It's important to note that while there are benefits to Wal-Mart and China from their outsourcing
relationship, there have also been discussions and criticisms related to labor conditions, environmental
impacts, and the impact on local businesses. These aspects require careful consideration and management
to ensure sustainable and responsible business practices.
What does Vietnam do to apply space shrinking technology?( Việt Nam làm gì để áp dụng công nghệ thu nhỏ không gian?) Transportation technology: 
Creating a solid foundation for future investment in the construction of a
synchronized and efficient transportation infrastructure system. 
Developing, expanding, and upgrading the seaport system and river port to make
ocean transportation one of the primary transport lines. 
Giving special attention to the growth of ocean shipping, North–South sea
transport, and inland waterways.  Building deep–water seaport. 
Maintaining the existing National Highway 1A and North–South Railway. b. Communication technology: 
Focusing on providing digital infrastructure and services such as digital services,
fiber optic infrastructure, digital payment, and cloud services. 
Increasing the number of satellites in orbit to increase the value of GPS and the Internet. 
Increasing and protecting the quality of the fiber optic system. 
Applying 5G in big cities such as HCMC, Ha Noi, Da Nang.
Vietnam has been proactively implementing various strategies and technologies to effectively utilize
limited space and address the challenges of urbanization. One approach the country has taken is the
promotion of high-rise buildings and vertical construction. By constructing tall structures, Vietnam
maximizes land utilization and reduces the footprint of buildings, allowing for a higher population density
in urban areas. This vertical development strategy helps accommodate the increasing demand for housing,
commercial spaces, and infrastructure without encroaching on valuable land resources.
In addition to vertical construction, Vietnam has embraced compact urban planning principles. The
government encourages the development of mixed-use areas where residential, commercial, and
recreational spaces are integrated into one compact neighborhood. This approach reduces the need for
long commutes and optimizes the utilization of space by creating walkable communities where essential
amenities are within easy reach. By promoting compact urban planning, Vietnam aims to create vibrant
and sustainable urban environments that foster social interaction and enhance the quality of life for its residents.
Furthermore, Vietnam has been investing in smart infrastructure solutions to enhance space efficiency.
This includes the implementation of intelligent transportation systems to improve traffic flow and reduce
congestion, thus maximizing the capacity of existing road networks. The country has also focused on
digital connectivity, ensuring widespread access to high-speed internet and enabling virtual
communication and remote working opportunities. By leveraging technology, Vietnam aims to create
smart cities that efficiently manage resources, monitor energy consumption, and enhance the overall quality of urban life.
To support these initiatives, the Vietnamese government has implemented policies and regulations that
promote sustainable and space-efficient development. They have established guidelines for urban
planning that emphasize the importance of compactness, green spaces, and the preservation of natural
resources. Additionally, the government encourages public-private partnerships to facilitate investment in
infrastructure and urban development projects.
In conclusion, Vietnam is actively applying space shrinking technology to optimize land utilization and
manage urbanization challenges. Through vertical construction, compact urban planning, and the adoption
of smart infrastructure solutions, the country strives to create sustainable, livable, and vibrant urban
environments. These efforts demonstrate Vietnam's commitment to effective space management and its
determination to accommodate the needs of a growing population while preserving valuable land resources.
Service outsourcing: Benefits and drawbacks? (Thuê ngoài dịch vụ: Lợi và hại?) Benefits: 
Expenses advantages: Jobs can be completed more effectively and for less money. The same type
of work that is done elsewhere can be done in India for a much lower price due to the difference
in salaries between western nations and Asia → Example.: a company can hire an IT company in
India to develop software at a lower cost than using domestic resources. 
Increased efficiency and productivity: If the company can find an experienced outsourcing
partner which has years of experience in the field and expertise in delivering complex outsourcing
projects… As a result, the process becomes more productive and efficient → Example. : a phone
company might hire a professional electronic component manufacturer to improve production
efficiency and product quality. 
Focus on core areas: Since outsourcing partners will handle other steps in the business process,
companies are now having more energy and time to pay special attention to the main purpose and
areas → Example.: an e-commerce company can hire a professional carrier to manage the
delivery process and focus on growing its e-commerce platform. 
Faster and better service for customers: When companies share the workload of a project for their
outsourcing partners… → Example.: a customer service company might hire a professional call
center to provide ongoing customer support and enhance the customer experience. 
Access to skilled resources → Example.: a graphic design company can hire a professional video
production company to create high quality promotional videos and attract target customers. 
Reduction in staff issues → Example: After the pandemic COVID–19, many companies face the
reality that they do not have enough staff to handle all the work in the company, but the
company's budget must be cut as much as possible. Outsourcing could solve this problem. 
The creation of higher skill jobs involving better pay, training and transferable skills and
associated infrastructure investment that can contribute to further local jobs. EX: when a medical
company hires a pharmaceutical research and development company, it not only creates jobs for
medical scientists and engineers, but affects both the medical and economic ecosystems. local economy. b. Drawbacks: 
Loss of control: A firm that outsources an activity might lose control over the process and runs
the risk of the activity not conforming to the company’s values and methods → Example.: if a
company transfers production processes to a foreign manufacturer that does not guarantee quality,
the company may experience problems with product quality and its reputation. 
Security risks: This can affect data and confidential information protection since outsourcing
partners have the right access to an amount of data of the company → Example.: When a
company hires a cloud service provider to store important data, there is a risk of information
being compromised or leaked if the security system is not trusted. 
Reputation risks: Unfortunately, not all outsourcing partners are qualified and the final products
can be badly conducted by the partners. However, the company is the one who takes
responsibility for the quality. EX: if a company hires an unreliable software developer, it could
lead to software bugs, glitches, or security breaches. 
Lack of consistency → Example.: when a company hires different service providers to manage its
IT systems, it can be difficult to ensure process and system consistency. 
Less flexibility → Example.: if a company hires an accounting service provider, it may have
difficulty tailoring its accounting process to the specific requirements of the company.
Service outsourcing, the practice of contracting tasks or processes to external service providers, offers
both benefits and drawbacks to businesses. One significant advantage of service outsourcing is cost
savings. By outsourcing non-core functions or tasks to specialized service providers, companies can
reduce overhead costs associated with hiring and training in-house staff, as well as expenses related to
maintaining infrastructure and equipment. Additionally, outsourcing allows businesses to access a global
talent pool, tapping into specialized skills and expertise that may not be available internally. This can
result in improved quality and efficiency of services provided. Moreover, outsourcing provides flexibility
and scalability, as companies can easily adjust the level of outsourced services based on their needs,
allowing them to focus on core competencies and strategic goals. However, there are also drawbacks to
consider. One key concern is the potential loss of control over outsourced functions. Businesses must
carefully manage their relationships with service providers to ensure effective communication, adherence
to quality standards, and protection of sensitive data. Cultural and language differences may also pose
challenges in outsourcing relationships, impacting effective collaboration and understanding.
Furthermore, there can be risks associated with data security and intellectual property protection when
sharing sensitive information with external parties. Additionally, if the outsourcing arrangement is not
well-planned or executed, there is a possibility of service disruptions, delays, or quality issues, which can
negatively impact a company's operations and reputation. Therefore, businesses need to carefully evaluate
the benefits and drawbacks before deciding to outsource services, considering factors such as cost
savings, quality control, security measures, and the overall alignment with their strategic objectives.
Limits to service export growth in the semi–periphery and periphery? (Giới hạn tăng trưởng xuất khẩu
dịch vụ ở bán ngoại vi và ngoại vi?) Technology and infrastructure: 
Not all data can be converted to digital form for use by computer and made amenable to
outsourcing. For example: handwritten or paper-based records 
Limited infrastructure such as telecommunications, reliable power sources, and
financial services and distribution logistics can actually limit the service export growth. 
An example is that many countries are still not linked into the telecommunication network… b. Education and training: 
A barrier is a lack of education and training. For instance, it will be very
challenging for a country’s labor force to learn and work if they do not speak English fluently… 
Moreover, in order to lower the cost of training, many businesses require
qualified and experienced staff…  Example: India.
c. Government regulation and policies: 
The development of export services may be constrained by the legal and
regulatory environment in industrialized nations. 
A competitive regulatory framework is required in order to promote competition among service providers. d. Co–operate strategies: 
Any evaluation of the possibilities for service outsourcing must take
organizational constraints and business strategies into account. 
For instance, when processing confidential information, the cost of transactions
may rise and the viability of outsourcing may be constrained.
The semi-periphery and periphery regions face various limits to service export growth, which can hinder
their economic development and integration into the global economy. These limits arise due to a
combination of internal and external factors that create challenges for these regions in expanding their service exports.
One key limit is the lack of developed infrastructure and technological capabilities. The semi-periphery
and periphery regions often have limited access to advanced technologies and communication networks,
which are essential for delivering services globally. Without adequate infrastructure, it becomes difficult
for these regions to compete with more developed countries in providing high-quality and efficient
services. Additionally, the lack of skilled labor and expertise in emerging service sectors further hampers
their ability to export services competitively.
Another significant limit is the presence of trade barriers and protectionist policies in many countries. The
developed nations often impose restrictions on service imports to safeguard their domestic industries and
preserve employment opportunities. These barriers include strict licensing requirements, regulatory
hurdles, and discriminatory practices, making it challenging for service providers from the semi-periphery
and periphery to access foreign markets. Moreover, the complex and lengthy procedures involved in
complying with trade regulations can increase transaction costs and deter service exporters from
expanding their operations abroad.
Furthermore, the limited market size and purchasing power in the semi-periphery and periphery regions
can act as a constraint on service export growth. With lower levels of income and consumption, there may
be a limited demand for certain types of services, especially those that are more sophisticated or
specialized. The lack of domestic demand, coupled with weak infrastructure and limited technological
capabilities, makes it difficult for service providers in these regions to scale up and attract international clients.
Political and social instability also pose significant challenges to service export growth in the semi-
periphery and periphery. Political conflicts, corruption, and weak institutions can undermine the business
environment and erode investor confidence. These factors create an uncertain operating environment,
which discourages foreign investment and limits the growth of service exports.
In conclusion, the semi-periphery and periphery regions face several limits to service export growth,
including inadequate infrastructure, trade barriers, limited market size, and political instability.
Overcoming these limits requires concerted efforts from both domestic governments and international
stakeholders to invest in infrastructure development, enhance technological capabilities, address trade
barriers, and promote political stability. By addressing these challenges, these regions can unlock their
potential for service export growth and foster economic development.
Why can internationalization business services be outsourced in other/developing countries? Explain.
(Tại sao các dịch vụ kinh doanh quốc tế hóa có thể được thuê ngoài ở các nước đang phát triển khác? Giải thích.) 
Because these countries have capabilities to be outsourcing partners, even though they
are developing countries or semi—periphery nations. For example, internalization
business services can be outsourced to India because Indians can speak English in daily
life. Therefore, they can interact in English fluently. 
India has a subsequent and affordable labor force since their population is nearly 2 billion at the moment… 
The Philippines is a good example as well… 
Secondly, jobs can be completed more effectively and for less money. The same type of
work that is done elsewhere can be done in India for a much lower price due to the
difference in salaries between western nations and Asia. For example… 
Since outsourcing partners will handle other steps in the business process, companies are
now having more energy and time to pay special attention to the main purpose and areas. 
When companies share the workload of a project for their outsourcing partners, it means
that they have a half of their work done, and all they have to do is finishing the other half.
This could result in better and faster service for customers.
International businesses often choose to outsource their services to other developing
countries due to several reasons. First and foremost, cost savings play a significant role in
this decision-making process. Developing countries generally have lower labor costs
compared to developed nations, making it financially attractive for businesses to
outsource their services. This cost advantage allows companies to access skilled labor at a
fraction of the cost they would incur in their home countries, resulting in substantial
savings in operational expenses.
Additionally, outsourcing services to other countries provides access to a larger talent
pool. Developing countries often have a substantial number of well-educated and skilled
professionals who are eager to work in the global marketplace. These countries have
invested in their educational systems and vocational training programs to produce a
workforce capable of meeting the demands of international businesses. By tapping into
this talent pool, companies can benefit from a diverse range of skills and expertise,
enabling them to expand their service offerings and enhance their competitiveness.
Outsourcing services to other countries also allows businesses to take advantage of time
zone differences. By partnering with service providers in different time zones, companies
can maintain round-the-clock operations and provide uninterrupted services to their
customers. This flexibility is particularly beneficial for industries such as customer
support, IT support, and software development, where 24/7 availability is essential.
Furthermore, internationalization of business services through outsourcing provides
companies with the opportunity to enter new markets and expand their global presence.
By establishing partnerships or subsidiaries in developing countries, businesses can gain
local insights, access new customer bases, and navigate the complexities of foreign
markets more effectively. This can lead to increased market share, revenue growth, and a
competitive edge in the global marketplace.
However, it is essential to consider potential challenges when outsourcing services to
other countries. These include cultural and language barriers, differences in business
practices, legal and regulatory frameworks, and data security concerns. Companies must
carefully evaluate these factors and establish robust communication channels, contracts,
and data protection measures to ensure a successful outsourcing partnership.
In summary, international businesses outsource their services to other developing
countries due to cost advantages, access to a larger talent pool, leveraging time zone
differences, and expanding into new markets. While there are challenges associated with
outsourcing, strategic planning, effective communication, and risk management can help
companies maximize the benefits of internationalizing their business services.
When the internationalization of retailing increases, what kinds of other services grow up? 
When companies decide to internationalize their operations, they would like to consider
new foreign markets in order to maintain sales and profit. Therefore, if the internalization
of retailing increases, e–shopping would be likely to grow as well. 
Online shopping could help targeted consumers in foreign markets buy things they want
with a cheap price in an easier and more time–saving way. 
Since major companies like Wal–Mart and Amazon want to use their supply chain service
to compete with their rivals, logistical and supply chain services may also increase. An
example for this is Wal–Mart. They build more warehouses in these countries so that they
can satisfy customers’ demand in these countries as quickly as possible. Moreover, they
implemented technology and information systems to manage inventory. 
The growing internalization of retailing might be useful in marketing services. These
brands might not be well known in foreign markets. As a result, marketing is crucial to
increasing brand recognition. As an illustration, Amazon used numerous promotions in
overseas regions to target their most important clients. Customers who had previously
purchased any products from Amazon might receive discounts.
What kind of service and part of services do the industrialized countries want to deliver or be willing to
deliver to the outsourced countries? Explain.( Loại dịch vụ và một phần dịch vụ nào mà các nước công
nghiệp phát triển muốn cung cấp hoặc sẵn sàng cung cấp cho các nước thuê ngoài? Giải thích.) 
Business process outsourcing, also known as BPO, services, namely: o Offshore banking. o Call centers. o Computer network support. o Legal services. o Accounting and procurement. o Software development. o
Research and development (R&D). 
Firstly, conducting these services in less developed nations, like India or the Philippines,
can be substantially less expensive. They have a lot of labor, but not enough jobs for all
of them, therefore they have cheap, readily accessible workers. 
Secondly, these services are not what these businesses do best. For instance, market
leaders and large corporations like Apple or Wal–Mart might wish to contract out other
services like call centers, legal services, accounting, engineering services, or computer
network support. Companies do not want to invest a lot of resources and time in tackling
these issues because they are not their primary concern. Instead, they could hire someone
else to do it for them who would charge less and have more experience. 
Finally, some nations have specialists in each industry. For example, India is famous
around the world for having highly qualified workers in the technology sector,
particularly in computer engineering or data engineering. Leading businesses would
therefore be more likely to deliver their technological services to India in order to achieve the greatest results.
Industrialized countries are often willing to deliver a wide range of services to outsourced countries,
leveraging their expertise, advanced technologies, and established industries. These services can vary
across different sectors, but there are several key areas where industrialized countries excel and are sought after by outsourced countries.
One prominent sector is technology and IT services. Industrialized countries have well-developed IT
infrastructure, a highly skilled workforce, and cutting-edge technologies. They can provide outsourced
countries with services such as software development, website design and development, application
maintenance, cloud computing, cybersecurity, and data analytics. These services are in high demand as
businesses across the globe strive to digitize their operations and harness the power of technology for
improved efficiency and competitiveness.
Another area where industrialized countries excel is professional and business services. This includes
services like consulting, financial and accounting services, legal services, marketing and advertising,
human resources, and logistics. Industrialized countries have established professional service providers
with deep industry knowledge, best practices, and international standards. By outsourcing these services,
businesses in outsourced countries can access specialized expertise, gain strategic insights, and enhance
their operational capabilities.
Furthermore, industrialized countries often deliver high-value knowledge-intensive services. These may
include research and development (R&D), design and innovation, engineering services, and intellectual
property services. Industrialized countries have a long history of investing in R&D and have advanced
institutions and research centers that excel in various scientific and technological domains. By
outsourcing these services, outsourced countries can tap into advanced research capabilities, leverage
innovative solutions, and accelerate their own technological progress.
Additionally, industrialized countries are also willing to deliver specialized services in sectors like
healthcare, education, tourism, and creative industries. These services require specific expertise, quality
standards, and regulatory compliance. Industrialized countries can offer medical tourism, educational
collaborations, destination marketing, and creative content creation, among other services. These sectors
often benefit from the reputation, infrastructure, and established networks of industrialized countries.
In summary, industrialized countries are willing to deliver a broad range of services to outsourced
countries, including technology and IT services, professional and business services, knowledge-intensive
services, and specialized services in sectors like healthcare, education, tourism, and creative industries.
These services leverage the strengths and expertise of industrialized countries, providing outsourced
countries with access to advanced technologies, specialized skills, best practices, and international
standards, ultimately fostering economic growth and development. QUESTION Part I: Give for each of the followings: one example
1. Global online shopping service  Amazon 
Amazon is a prime example of a global online shopping service. It operates in numerous
countries and offers a wide range of products, including electronics, clothing, home goods, books,
and more. Customers can browse and purchase items online, and Amazon handles the logistics of
shipping and delivery to various locations around the world. With its vast product selection,
competitive prices, and convenient shopping experience, Amazon has become a dominant player
in the global e-commerce market.
2. Vietnam online music/entertainment service  Zing MP3 
Zing MP3 is a popular online music and entertainment service in Vietnam. It allows users to
stream and download music from a vast library of songs, including both local and international
tracks. Zing MP3 provides a platform for artists to promote their music, and users can create
personalized playlists, discover new music, and engage with the music community through
features like comments and recommendations. It has become one of the leading platforms for
music consumption in Vietnam, offering a convenient and accessible way for users to enjoy their
favorite songs and stay updated with the latest music trends.
3. Global online tourism service  Airbnb 
Airbnb is a well-known global online tourism service that connects travelers with unique
accommodation options worldwide. It allows individuals to rent out their homes, apartments, or
rooms to travelers, providing an alternative to traditional hotel stays. Through Airbnb's platform,
users can search for accommodations in various destinations, read reviews, communicate with
hosts, and book their stays. The service offers a diverse range of options, including entire homes,
private rooms, and even unique properties like treehouses or castles. Airbnb has revolutionized
the way people travel, offering more affordable and authentic experiences while promoting
cultural exchange and community engagement.
Part II: Writing question:
Please describe the benefits of outsourcing countries in global commodity chain:
Outsourcing countries in the global commodity chain can experience several benefits that contribute to
their economic growth and development. These benefits stem from their participation in various stages of
the production process, from raw material extraction to manufacturing and distribution. Here are some
key advantages of outsourcing countries in the global commodity chain:
Economic growth and employment opportunities: Participating in the global commodity chain allows
outsourcing countries to attract foreign investment and create job opportunities. As multinational
corporations establish production facilities or outsource specific tasks to these countries, it leads to the
expansion of their industrial sectors. This, in turn, generates employment opportunities for the local
workforce, reducing unemployment rates and driving economic growth.
Technological transfer and skill development: Working in the global commodity chain provides
outsourcing countries with access to advanced technologies, production techniques, and managerial
practices. Multinational corporations often bring their expertise and technological advancements to the
outsourcing countries, facilitating the transfer of knowledge and skills. This technology transfer and skill
development contribute to the capacity building of the local workforce and enhance the overall
competitiveness of the outsourcing countries in the global market.
Increased export opportunities and foreign exchange earnings: Outsourcing countries typically focus on
specific stages of the production process that align with their strengths and resources. By specializing in
these areas, they can produce goods and services at competitive prices, leading to increased export
opportunities. As a result, outsourcing countries can expand their export markets, diversify their
economies, and earn foreign exchange, which can be used for importation of essential goods,
infrastructure development, and overall economic stability.
Infrastructure development and investment: Multinational corporations often invest in infrastructure
development in outsourcing countries to support their operations. This investment includes establishing
manufacturing facilities, logistics networks, transportation systems, and power generation capacities.
These infrastructure developments not only benefit the corporations but also create long-term assets for
the outsourcing countries, improving their connectivity, productivity, and overall business environment.
Knowledge spillover and innovation: Collaboration with multinational corporations and exposure to
international markets can foster knowledge spillover and innovation in outsourcing countries. Through
technology transfer, training programs, and research and development initiatives, local industries and
institutions can learn from global best practices, adopt innovative approaches, and develop their own
capabilities. This contributes to the growth of domestic industries, fosters entrepreneurship, and supports
the emergence of a more competitive and innovative economy.
In conclusion, participating in the global commodity chain through outsourcing provides countries with
numerous benefits, including economic growth, job creation, technological transfer, increased export
opportunities, infrastructure development, and knowledge spillover. These advantages contribute to the
overall development and competitiveness of outsourcing countries, enabling them to integrate into the
global economy and improve the well-being of their populations. Writing:
Women’s role in nowadays industry?
Women play a significant role in today's industry across various sectors and professions. Over the years,
there has been a growing recognition of the importance of gender diversity and inclusivity in the
workplace, leading to increased opportunities for women and their contributions to the industry. Here are
some key aspects highlighting women's role in today's industry:
Leadership and Management: Women have made significant strides in occupying leadership and
management positions in various industries. They bring diverse perspectives, innovative thinking, and
effective communication skills to leadership roles, contributing to improved decision-making processes
and organizational outcomes. Women leaders have demonstrated their ability to drive change, promote
collaboration, and foster inclusive work environments.
Entrepreneurship: Women's entrepreneurship has witnessed remarkable growth, with more women
starting their own businesses and ventures. They bring unique ideas, creativity, and innovation to the
entrepreneurial landscape, contributing to economic growth and job creation. Women entrepreneurs often
excel in sectors such as technology, healthcare, education, and sustainability, making significant
contributions to industry advancements and societal impact.
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics): Women's participation and influence in
STEM fields have been increasing. More women are pursuing careers in traditionally male-dominated
sectors like engineering, computer science, and research. Their contributions to STEM disciplines result
in diverse perspectives, increased creativity, and a wider talent pool. Efforts to encourage girls and young
women to pursue STEM education and careers have played a crucial role in bridging the gender gap in these industries.
Diversity and Inclusion: Women's presence in the industry promotes diversity and inclusion. By
increasing the representation of women in various roles and sectors, organizations can tap into a broader
range of skills, experiences, and perspectives. This diversity enhances problem-solving, innovation, and
productivity within teams and contributes to a more inclusive work environment that values and respects
the contributions of all employees.
Advocacy and Empowerment: Women in industry serve as advocates for gender equality, promoting
policies and initiatives that support the advancement of women in the workplace. They actively
participate in professional networks, mentorship programs, and advocacy groups, empowering other
women and promoting gender-balanced leadership. Through their efforts, women contribute to creating
more inclusive workplaces and breaking down barriers for future generations.
While significant progress has been made, it is important to acknowledge that challenges and gender
disparities still exist in some industries. Addressing these challenges requires ongoing efforts to promote
equal opportunities, eliminate biases and stereotypes, provide supportive policies and work-life balance,
and foster inclusive cultures that recognize and value the contributions of women in the industry.
Overall, women play a crucial role in today's industry, driving innovation, fostering diversity, and
contributing to economic growth and societal development. Embracing and empowering women in all
aspects of industry is not only a matter of equality but also a strategic imperative for organizations and
societies to thrive in a rapidly changing world.
How do developed countries be able to control HIV/AIDS?
Developed countries have implemented comprehensive strategies and approaches to control HIV/AIDS,
leading to significant progress in prevention, treatment, and support services. Here are some key factors
that have contributed to their success:
Strong Healthcare Systems: Developed countries typically have well-established healthcare systems that
provide accessible and quality healthcare services. These systems ensure early diagnosis and timely
treatment for HIV/AIDS patients, reducing the progression of the disease and improving health outcomes.
Robust healthcare infrastructure, trained healthcare professionals, and effective healthcare delivery
mechanisms play a vital role in controlling HIV/AIDS.
Prevention Programs: Developed countries have implemented extensive prevention programs that focus
on raising awareness, promoting safe practices, and reducing the transmission of HIV. These programs
include comprehensive sex education, widespread distribution of condoms, needle exchange programs for
people who inject drugs, and targeted prevention interventions for key populations at higher risk, such as
men who have sex with men and sex workers. Prevention efforts also involve community engagement,
public campaigns, and education initiatives to promote behavioral changes and reduce stigma and discrimination.
Access to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Developed countries have made significant progress in ensuring
access to antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV/AIDS. ART is a combination of medications
that effectively suppress the virus, improve immune function, and prolong the lives of individuals with
HIV. These countries provide free or subsidized ART to their populations, ensuring that those diagnosed
with HIV can access life-saving treatment and achieve viral suppression, which not only benefits
individual health but also prevents further transmission.
Research and Development: Developed countries have a strong focus on research and development,
leading to advancements in HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention. Ongoing research helps in identifying
new drugs, treatment regimens, and prevention tools such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-
exposure prophylaxis (PEP). This continuous innovation ensures that the healthcare system can adapt to
evolving challenges and improve outcomes for individuals affected by HIV/AIDS.
Advocacy and Political Commitment: Developed countries often have strong political commitment and a
supportive policy environment for HIV/AIDS control. Governments allocate adequate funding for
HIV/AIDS programs, support community-based organizations, and engage in international collaborations
to address the global impact of the epidemic. Advocacy efforts by civil society organizations, activists,
and affected communities also play a crucial role in raising awareness, influencing policies, and ensuring
the rights and dignity of people living with HIV/AIDS.
Multi-Sectoral Collaboration: Successful control of HIV/AIDS requires collaboration across sectors,
including healthcare, education, social services, and civil society. Developed countries have fostered
partnerships between government agencies, non-governmental organizations, community-based
organizations, and academia to implement comprehensive strategies. These collaborations promote
information sharing, coordination of efforts, and the mobilization of resources for effective prevention,
treatment, and support services.
It is important to note that while developed countries have made significant progress in controlling
HIV/AIDS, challenges persist, including reaching marginalized populations, addressing stigma and
discrimination, and ensuring sustainable funding. However, their experiences and successes provide
valuable lessons and insights for other countries to develop and implement effective HIV/AIDS control
strategies tailored to their specific contexts.
Why were countries stuck in debt trap and continue being stuck perpetually?
Countries can find themselves stuck in a debt trap for various reasons, and these circumstances can
perpetuate over time. Some factors that contribute to this situation include:
High Debt Burden: When a country accumulates a substantial amount of debt relative to its GDP and
revenue, it can become challenging to service the debt. High debt levels often result from borrowing to
finance development projects, address budget deficits, or cover external shocks such as economic crises
or natural disasters. The burden of servicing the debt, including interest payments, can strain a country's
resources, leaving limited funds for essential public services and development initiatives.
Weak Economic Growth: Countries with low economic growth rates may struggle to generate sufficient
revenue to meet their debt obligations. Economic stagnation or contraction reduces tax revenues, limits
job creation, and hampers investment opportunities. Without sustainable economic growth, countries may
find it difficult to escape the cycle of borrowing to finance ongoing expenses and repay existing debt,
leading to a perpetual debt trap.
Dependence on Foreign Aid: Reliance on foreign aid can contribute to a debt trap. While aid is intended
to support development and address pressing needs, it can also create dependency if it does not effectively
contribute to long-term economic growth and self-sufficiency. In some cases, countries may rely on aid to
cover budget shortfalls or finance projects without implementing the necessary reforms to build a strong
domestic economy. Over time, this reliance can lead to increased debt burdens without sustainable economic growth.
Unfavorable Debt Terms: Debt contracts with unfavorable terms, such as high interest rates or short
repayment periods, can exacerbate a country's debt burden. In some cases, countries may have been
compelled to accept unfavorable terms due to limited bargaining power, urgent financial needs, or lack of
transparency in debt agreements. These terms can make debt repayment more challenging, increasing the
risk of falling into a perpetual debt trap.
External Shocks and Vulnerabilities: Countries with high debt levels are particularly vulnerable to
external shocks, such as global economic downturns, commodity price fluctuations, or natural disasters.
These events can disrupt economic stability, reduce export revenues, increase borrowing costs, and
exacerbate the debt burden. Without sufficient contingency plans and buffers, countries may struggle to
recover from such shocks, perpetuating their debt trap.
Governance and Corruption Issues: Weak governance, lack of transparency, and corruption can
undermine a country's ability to manage its debt effectively. Mismanagement of public funds,
embezzlement, and improper allocation of resources can contribute to a cycle of debt accumulation
without tangible development outcomes. Corruption can also discourage foreign investment, limit access
to favorable borrowing terms, and hinder economic growth, perpetuating the debt trap.
Escaping a perpetual debt trap requires a comprehensive approach, including debt restructuring, economic
reforms, improving governance, promoting sustainable growth, and accessing favorable financing
mechanisms. International assistance, debt relief initiatives, and sound fiscal management are essential for
countries to regain financial stability and break free from the cycle of debt.
The rich countries become richer; the poor countries become poorer?
The statement that "the rich countries become richer, and the poor countries become poorer" is a
generalization that does not hold true for all countries at all times. While there are instances where income
disparities have widened between wealthy and impoverished nations, it is important to consider the
complexities and variations in global economic trends and development.
Economic Growth and Convergence: Over the past few decades, many developing countries, particularly
in Asia, have experienced significant economic growth and have made substantial progress in reducing
poverty rates. This has led to convergence in income levels between some developing and developed
countries. For example, countries like China, India, and Vietnam have seen rapid economic growth and
improvement in living standards.
Globalization and Trade: The process of globalization has provided opportunities for economic
integration and trade between countries. Some developing countries have successfully leveraged their
comparative advantages, such as low labor costs or natural resources, to attract foreign investment and
increase exports. This has contributed to their economic growth and improved living standards.
Development Assistance: International development assistance, including foreign aid and investment, has
played a significant role in supporting poverty reduction and development efforts in many poor countries.
Aid programs, when effectively targeted and implemented, can help bridge gaps in infrastructure,
healthcare, education, and governance, fostering economic growth and reducing poverty.
Structural Barriers and Inequality: However, it is important to acknowledge that structural barriers, such
as unequal access to resources, education, technology, and market opportunities, can hinder the
development prospects of poorer countries. Income inequality within and between countries remains a
significant challenge that needs to be addressed for more inclusive and sustainable development.
External Factors and Vulnerabilities: Poorer countries can face challenges related to external factors, such
as global economic recessions, commodity price fluctuations, and climate change. These factors can
impact their economic stability and development prospects, making it more difficult to escape the cycle of poverty.
It is crucial to recognize that global economic dynamics are complex, and there are diverse experiences
among countries. While some developing countries have made significant progress, others continue to
face significant challenges in achieving sustainable development. Efforts to promote equitable economic
growth, reduce inequalities, and ensure inclusive development remain critical to addressing the disparities
between rich and poor countries.
Even though GDP growth rate of developing countries such as VN is as high as EU or US, but
we are still ranged at developing countries?
The classification of countries as "developing" or "developed" is based on various indicators and criteria,
including economic, social, and institutional factors. While GDP growth rate is an important measure of
economic performance, it alone does not determine a country's development status. There are several
reasons why developing countries, including Vietnam, may still be classified as such despite experiencing high GDP growth rates:
Per Capita Income: Developing countries often have lower per capita income compared to developed
countries. While GDP growth may be strong, the starting point for income levels in developing countries
is generally lower. Achieving sustained and inclusive economic growth that translates into significant
improvements in living standards takes time.
Human Development Indicators: Development encompasses more than just economic growth. Human
development indicators, such as education, healthcare, and social well-being, play a crucial role in
assessing a country's level of development. Developing countries often face challenges in providing
universal access to quality education, healthcare, and social services, which can impact their overall development status.
Infrastructure and Institutional Capacity: Developed countries typically have well-developed
infrastructure, efficient institutions, and robust governance systems. Developing countries may face
constraints in terms of inadequate infrastructure, weak institutions, and governance challenges, which can
impact their ability to sustain and diversify economic growth.
Income Inequality: Developing countries often experience higher levels of income inequality, with a
significant portion of the population living in poverty. While overall GDP growth may be strong, it may
not necessarily benefit all segments of the population equally. Addressing income inequality and
promoting inclusive growth are essential aspects of overall development.
Global Economic Integration: Developed countries tend to have a higher level of integration into the
global economy, including higher levels of foreign direct investment, advanced technology transfer, and
participation in global value chains. Developing countries may still be in the process of integrating into
the global economy and building their competitiveness.
It is important to note that the classification of a country as developing or developed is not static and can
evolve over time. With sustained economic growth, investment in human capital, infrastructure
development, and institutional improvements, countries can progress towards higher levels of
development. Vietnam's rapid economic growth in recent years is indeed a positive sign, but continued
efforts are needed to address the remaining development challenges and improve overall well-being for
all segments of the population.
Why does EU not import chickens or other ingredients internally but export from other nations
while EU is probably able to provide themselves with those things?
The European Union (EU) does have the capability to produce chickens and other agricultural products
internally. However, there are several reasons why the EU imports certain products instead of relying solely on domestic production:
Cost Considerations: Importing certain products can sometimes be more cost-effective than producing
them domestically. Factors such as labor costs, land availability, climate conditions, and economies of
scale can influence the comparative advantage of producing specific goods. If it is more cost-efficient to
import certain products, the EU may choose to do so to ensure competitive prices for consumers.
Market Demand and Variety: Importing allows the EU to meet the diverse preferences and demands of
consumers. Some imported products may have unique characteristics, flavors, or varieties that are not
readily available domestically. Importing allows for a wider range of options and can enhance consumer choice.
Seasonal Availability: Certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, have specific growing
seasons. Importing allows the EU to access these products year-round, even when they are out of season
domestically. This ensures a consistent supply and reduces the reliance on seasonal production.
Trade Agreements and Comparative Advantage: The EU is part of various trade agreements that facilitate
the exchange of goods with other countries. These agreements aim to promote economic cooperation,
increase market access, and take advantage of the comparative advantages of different regions. Importing
products from countries with a comparative advantage in specific sectors can benefit both the EU and the exporting nations.
Global Supply Chains: The EU is part of global supply chains where components or ingredients may be
sourced from different countries to produce finished goods. This is particularly relevant in sectors such as
food processing, where ingredients sourced from various locations are used to create final products.
Accessing global supply chains can help ensure efficiency, quality, and competitiveness.
It is important to note that while the EU does import certain products, it also has a significant agricultural
sector and produces a wide range of goods domestically. The import-export dynamics are influenced by a
complex mix of factors, including market demand, cost considerations, trade agreements, and the pursuit
of variety and quality for consumers.
Value chain: what factors do truly affect products’ value (for instance the case of Robusta coffee from Viet Nam)
In the case of Robusta coffee from Vietnam, several factors can affect the value of the product within the value chain:
Quality: The quality of Robusta coffee plays a significant role in determining its value. Factors such as
flavor, aroma, acidity, and consistency can affect the perception of quality. High-quality Robusta coffee
that meets the desired standards and flavor profiles can command a higher value in the market.
Origin and Terroir: The geographical origin of Robusta coffee from Vietnam and the unique
characteristics of its terroir, including climate, soil, altitude, and rainfall patterns, can contribute to its
value. Certain regions in Vietnam are known for producing Robusta coffee with distinct flavor profiles,
which can differentiate it from coffee produced in other regions.
Processing and Post-Harvest Techniques: The processing methods used for Robusta coffee, such as wet
processing or dry processing, can influence its quality and value. The attention to detail in post-harvest
practices, including harvesting, sorting, drying, and storage, can also affect the flavor and overall quality of the coffee.
Sustainable and Ethical Practices: Increasingly, consumers are seeking coffee produced through
sustainable and ethical practices. Factors such as organic certification, fair trade practices, environmental
conservation efforts, and social responsibility initiatives can enhance the value of Robusta coffee from
Vietnam for consumers who prioritize these aspects.
Market Demand and Supply: The interplay of supply and demand dynamics in the global coffee market
can impact the value of Robusta coffee. Factors such as fluctuations in global coffee prices, market trends,
and consumer preferences can influence the perceived value and marketability of the product.
Branding and Marketing: Effective branding and marketing strategies can enhance the value of Robusta
coffee from Vietnam. Building a strong brand reputation, highlighting the unique attributes and quality of
the coffee, and effectively targeting the desired market segments can contribute to its value perception and market competitiveness.
Certification and Traceability: Certification schemes, such as Rainforest Alliance or UTZ, can provide
assurance of quality, sustainability, and social responsibility, which can enhance the value of Robusta
coffee. Additionally, traceability systems that can track the coffee's journey from farm to cup can provide
transparency and build trust among consumers, further adding value.
It is important to note that these factors can vary depending on the specific market and consumer
preferences. Therefore, understanding the target market, investing in quality control and sustainable
practices, and effectively communicating the unique value propositions of Robusta coffee from Vietnam
are crucial for maximizing its value within the value chain.
Explain why people’ incomes increase => need in services also increase?
When people's incomes increase, it typically leads to an increase in the demand for services. There are
several reasons why this correlation exists:
Disposable Income: With higher incomes, individuals have more disposable income available to spend on
various goods and services. This increased purchasing power allows them to afford and access a wider
range of services that they may not have been able to afford previously.
Changing Consumer Preferences: As people's incomes rise, their preferences and priorities often shift.
They may prioritize convenience, time-saving, and experiences over the consumption of physical goods.
This leads to a greater demand for services that cater to these preferences, such as transportation, dining
out, entertainment, personal care, and leisure activities.
Lifestyle Upgrades: Increasing incomes can enable individuals to upgrade their lifestyles and seek higher-
quality services. They may choose to outsource tasks and responsibilities, such as house cleaning,
gardening, or child care, to professional service providers. This allows them to free up time for other
activities or focus on their careers and personal interests.
Specialized Services: Higher incomes can also lead to a demand for specialized services that cater to
specific needs or preferences. For example, individuals may seek financial planning services, personal
training, spa treatments, educational services, or professional coaching to enhance their personal and professional growth.
Health and Wellness: Improved financial capabilities often lead to greater investments in health and
wellness. Individuals may spend more on healthcare services, fitness classes, wellness retreats, and other
services that promote well-being.
Technological Advancements: Increasing incomes are often associated with technological advancements
and improvements. This can lead to a higher demand for services related to technology, such as IT
support, app development, digital marketing, and online services.
Overall, as incomes increase, individuals have the means and desire to access a broader range of services
that enhance their quality of life, provide convenience, and cater to their evolving preferences. This
increased demand for services contributes to the growth and development of service sectors in the economy.
What is the best benefits China get after outsourcing?
China has gained several significant benefits from outsourcing, which have contributed to its economic
growth and development. Some of the key benefits include:
Cost Advantage: Outsourcing has allowed China to capitalize on its low labor costs compared to many
developed countries. This cost advantage has attracted foreign companies to set up manufacturing
facilities in China, leading to increased investments, job creation, and industrial expansion.
Employment Opportunities: Outsourcing has created millions of jobs in China, particularly in
manufacturing and service sectors. This has helped absorb surplus labor, reduce unemployment rates, and
improve the living standards of Chinese workers.
Technological Transfer and Knowledge Enhancement: Through outsourcing, China has gained access to
advanced technologies, manufacturing processes, and managerial expertise from multinational
companies. This has facilitated technological transfer and knowledge enhancement, enabling China to
upgrade its industrial capabilities and move up the value chain.
Industrial Development: Outsourcing has played a crucial role in the development of China's industrial
sectors. By attracting foreign investments and establishing joint ventures, China has benefited from the
transfer of production facilities, infrastructure development, and the establishment of supply chains. This
has boosted industrial output, exports, and overall economic growth.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Outsourcing has been instrumental in attracting FDI into China. Foreign
companies have been drawn to China's vast market potential, favorable investment policies, and the
availability of skilled labor. FDI inflows have contributed to capital formation, technology transfer, and
the expansion of industries in China.
Export Growth: Outsourcing has enabled China to become a global manufacturing hub and a major
exporter. By providing manufacturing services for multinational companies, China has significantly
increased its export volume and diversified its export base. This has led to a positive trade balance and a
substantial boost to China's foreign exchange reserves.
Economic Integration: Outsourcing has facilitated China's integration into the global economy. By
participating in global value chains, China has become interconnected with other economies, leading to
increased trade, investments, and economic cooperation. This integration has helped China become one of
the world's largest economies and a global economic powerhouse.
It's important to note that while outsourcing has brought significant benefits to China, there are also
challenges and implications associated with it, such as environmental concerns, labor issues, and the need
for continued innovation and upgrading to sustain competitiveness in a rapidly changing global landscape.
What is the limitation of countries that new technology can't access thoselocation?
The limitation of countries that cannot access new technology can have several implications:
Development Gap: The inability to access new technology creates a development gap between
technologically advanced countries and those that are left behind. This gap hampers economic growth,
productivity, and competitiveness, as countries lacking access to new technology struggle to keep pace with global advancements.