A. GRAMMAR: INFINITIVES
1. INFITIVES WITH TO: (Đ n
ộ g từ nguyên mẫu có to)
1.1. Subject (Làm ch ng ủ ữ c a ủ câu)
• We can use the to-infinitive in a clause with a verb that has no subject (mệnh đề không có ngôi).
The to-infinitive focuses on the idea of an action or the results of an action, rather than the action in itself:
e.g., To work in a developing country had always been her ambition.
1.2. Noun + to infinitive (theo sau m t ộ s da ố nh từ):
• The to-infinitive clause is used after certain abstract nouns to show what action they relate to.
ABSTRACT NOUNS (Danh từ trừu tượng) Ability Decision Permission Advice Demand Plan Ambition Dream Request Anxiety Effort Way Attempt Failure Willingness Chance Offer Wish
e.g. She showed no willingness to help.
His dream to become a doctor come true.
1.3.Adjective + to infinitive (Theo sau m t ộ s t ố ính từ)
• To-infinitive is used after certain adjectives to give a reason for the adjectives (Ai đó cảm thấy thế nào vì điều gì)
e.g. Linda seemed happy to see her old friends.
Adjectives express people’s reaction and feelings: Afraid Glad Proud Amazed Happy Sad Determined Lucky Sorry Disappointed Pleased Surprised
e.g. I’m proud to announce this year’s winner
 Noun/ pronoun + linking verb + adjective + to Vinfinitive
• It + linking verb + adjective + (for O) + to Vinfinitive => đưa ra bình luận, nhận xét tính chất hành động nào khi làm gì đó=
e.g. It’s interesting for us to work with Mary. (Làm việc cùng Mary đối với chúng tôi rất thú vị)
• It + linking verb + adjective + of + O + to Vinfinitive => đưa ra nhận xét về c c ử hỉ, hành động c a ủ
ai đó (ai đó thật thế nào khi làm gì đó)
e.g. It’s kind of you to help me (Bạn thật t t ố b ng khi ụ giúp tôi) 1
Adjectives often used in this structure: Kind Coward Thoughtful Unkind Stupid Careless Brave Wise Tactful Timid Selfish Mean Rude Polite Generous Clever Impolite Nice
1.4. Verb + to infinitive (Theo sau m t ộ s ố ng t độ ừ) Agree Demand Like Pretend Afford Fail Love Promise Arrange Forget Manage Refuse Ask Hate Mean Remember Begin Help Need Start Choose Hope Offer Try Continue Intend Plan Want Decide Learn Prefer
e.g. I agree to go out with him. (Tôi đồng ý đi chơi cùng anh ấy)
1.5. Verb + Object + to infinitive: Advise Hate Like Persuade Request Ask Help Love Prefer Teach Challenge Instruct Need Recommend Tell Choose Intend Order Remind Want Forbid Invite
e.g. I advise him to get a job as soon as possible. (Tôi khuyên anh y
ấ tìm việc càng sớm càng t t ố ).
1.6. Infinitive of purposes: (Động t nguyên m ừ
ẫu dùng để diễn tả mục đích)
e.g. - He bought some flowers to give to his wife. (Anh ấy mua vài nhành hoa để t ng v ặ ợ)
- We started our journey early in order to avoid the traffic. (Chúng tôi khởi hành sớm để tránh t c ắ đường)
- They spoke quietly so as not to wake the children. (H nói ọ
chuyện môt cách nh nh ỏ
ẹ để không đánh
thức đám trẻ) 2
1.7. In causative: (Thể nhờ bảo) Trong câu ch ủ ng v độ ới động t ừ
e.g. She gets her son to paint the door. (Cô y ấ nh ờ a) con trai sơn cử
1.8.Indefinite pronouns + to infinitive (Theo sau m t ộ s ố đại t b ừ ất định):
e.g. Have you got anything to eat? (B ạn đã ăn gì chưa?) Indefinite prounouns: Anyone Everyone Someone No one Anybody Everybody Somebody Nobody Anything Everything Something Nothing
2. INFINITIVES WITHOUT TO:
2.1. Modal verbs + Vinfinitive: Theo sau các động từ khiếm khuyết May/ might Can/ could Will/ would Shall Should + Vinfinitive Have to Ought to Had better Would rather
e.g. She can swim.
- You’d better wear a coat or you’ll get cold.
- I’d rather stay at home. 2.2. Verbs of senses:
• The verb feel, hear, notice, see, smell, watch can also be followed by bare infinitive form: In this
situation, bare infinitive is used for a completed action (from start to finish)
e.g., I heard Ms. Jenny tell Julie not to do that ( =
I heard Ms. Jenny telling Julie not to do that (= I heard part of it)
2.3. Let/ Make + O + V:
• We also use the infinitive without to after let, make and (optionally) help:
e.g., I just want to help you (to) understand the situation better. She made me m do
y homework. => I was made to do my homework
My parents don’t let me go out at night => I am not let to go out at night by my parents 3 2.4.
In causative: Active form with
HAVE + SOMEONE + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
e.g., I had the electrician look at my broken light. B. PRACTICE:
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences using the given phrases. offer to help dangerous to go decision to drop difficult to follow hard to believe desire to get easy to understand chance to improve plan to move necessary to wait
1. A: Turn right, then left, go ahead and then left again.
B: It is _____________ your directions. Can you tell me more details?
2. A: Do you make out what the teacher has just said?
B: Yes, I do. It is quite ___________.
3. A: Mary has just received first prize in the competition.
B: It is ___________. Mary said that she had done it terribly.
4. A: It is 9 o'clock. Can we start now?
B: It is _____________ for the marketing manager. I think that he is on the way here.
5. A: Stop! Susan. It is _____________ near the tiger cage.
B: Oh! Thanks a lot. You save my life.
6. We were surprised at his _____________ with the project.
7. Her _____________ out of school is a difficult one to make.
8. Studying in England gives you a ___________ your English skills.
9. It was his ______________ a good job that motivated him to study Japanese.
10. Sandy's ______________ to Madrid bothered her parents.
Exercise 2. Choose the sentence that is best rewritten from the given one(s).
1. You should bring an umbrella with you. That is necessary.
A. It is necessary to bring an umbrella with you.
B. It is necessary of you to bring an umbrella.
2. I was not allowed to stay outside overnight.
A. I didn't have to stay outside overnight.
B. I had no permission to stay outside overnight.
3. Don't expect that everyone will agree with you. That is unreasonable.
A. Everyone is reasonable to agree with you.
B. It is unreasonable to expect that everyone will agree with you.
4. She has determination to achieve the goal. 4
A. It was her determination that helped her achieve the goal.
B. She is determined to achieve the goal.
5. We can't know exactly what will happen in 20 years. That is impossible.
A. It is impossible to know exactly what will happen in 20 years.
B. It is impossible of us to know exactly what will happen in 20 years.
6. Watch this video. It is very useful.
A. It is very useful to watch this video.
B. Watch this video is very useful.
7. My sister is able to solve every problem quickly.
A. My sister has the ability to solve every problem quickly.
B. It is hard for my sister to solve every problem quickly.
8. Don't touch that button. It is dangerous.
A. It is dangerous not to touch that button.
B. It is dangerous to touch that button.
9. We can't find a suitable candidate for this position. That is difficult.
A. It is difficult for us to find a suitable candidate for this position.
B. It was difficult for us to find a suitable candidate for this position.
10. I don't know how to use this washing machine.
A. I don't know the way how to use this machine.
B. I don't know the way to use this washing machine
Exercise 3: Rewrite each of the following sentences so that its meaning remains unchanged, using the given words:
1. That room needs cleaning by Ms. Laura this afternoon.
 It is ___________________________________________________________________________
2. I had my friend answer the questions.
 I got my friend ___________________________________________________________________
3. He spent an hour doing his homework last night.
 It took __________________________________________________________________________
4. I am going to the post office. I want to send some letter.
 I am going to the post office in order __________________________________________________
5. My father said that I could use his car.
 My father allowed me ______________________________________________________________
6. Nick always tries to finish his homework on time.
 Nick always makes ________________________________________________________________
7. Mary is kind because she helps the poor and the disabled.
 It is _____________________________________________________________________________
8. If I improved my English speaking skill, I would easily get that job.
 Were ___________________________________________________________________________
9. The policeman made him confess after three days.
 He was made _____________________________________________________________________ 5 10.
 Mary told John ___________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4. Choose the best answer to complete each of the sentences
1. It is necessary ____ for that book. A. to look B. looking C. look
2. It is very simple to ____ this machine. A. to use B. used C. use
3. She was excited ____ a letter from her mother last week. A. to receive B. receive C. receiving
4. We are very surprised to ____ Peter at the party. A. seeing B. see C. seen 5. Your handwriting is ____. A. hard to read B. hard for reading C. hardly to read
6. She has the ____ well with work pressure. A. able to cope B. ability for coping C. ability to cope
7. Susan made a great effort ____ all homework before the deadline but it was in vain. A. for accomplishment B. to accomplish C. accomplish
8. Jack harbors an ambition ____ an inspiring teacher A. being B. be C. to be
Exercise 5. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answers:
1. The teacher had his student __________the writing .and handed them in. A. to have stopped B. stop C. stopped D. to stop
2. It is cloudy, you’d better ____________ an umbrella. A. take B. to take C. taking D. to be taken
3. Would you mind if I _____________ the window? A. to open B. opened C. opening D. open
4. Wouldn’t you rather _____________? A. succeed B. to succeed C. succeeding D. succeeded
5. He made me __________it all over again. A. done B. do C. to do D. doing
6. I had the boy ___________ a letter yesterday. A. posting B. to post C. post D. posted
7. You must _____________ a lot of people. A. to know B. know C. knowing D. known
8. My father doesn’t let me _____________ out at night. 6 A. going B. to go C. go D. gone
9. We heard him __________________ downstairs. A. ran B. to be run C. to run D. run
10. Let’s ____________ an English song. A. singing B. sing C. to sing D. sang
11. We watched him ______________ the car. A. park B. parked C. to park D. to be parked
12. Why don’t you ____________ for a job? A. applying B. applied C. to apply D. apply
13. I am planning __________ Da Lat next week. A. visit B. visiting C. visited D. to visit
14. I must go now. I promised _____________ late A. not being B. not to be C. not being D. won’t be
15. Suddenly he stopped the car in order __________. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. smoked
16. It was late, so we decided ____________ a taxi home. A. to take B. taken C. taking D. take
17. How old were you when you learnt _______________? A. how to drive B. how drive C. how driving D. how driven
18. She always encourages her son ____________ harder. A. to study B. studied C. study D. studying
19. Don’t forget __________ the letter I gave you. A. to post B. posting C. post D. posted
20. I got my father ________________ my bike. A. repair B. to repair C. repairing D. repaired
21. The fire isn’t hot enough _________________ a kettle. A. boiling B. to boil C. boil D. boiled
22. It is too cold for us ______________________. A. went out B. go out C. to go out D. going out
23. He went to Britain ___________English. A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learned
24. I have some letters ________________. A. to write B. writing C. wrote D. write
25. It takes me ten minutes _________to school every day. A. walking B. to walk C. walk D. walked
26. We expect him ______________ tomorrow. 7 A. arrive B. arriving C. to arrive D. will arrive
27. Would you like __________to my birthday party? A. coming B. come C. came D. to come
28. I tried ___________the bus, but I missed it. A. catch B. catching C. to catch D. caught
29. Remember _____________Lan a present because today is her birthday. A. send B. sending C. to send D. sent
30. We were allowed ___________ photographs in this room. A. sell B. to sell C. selling D. sold
31. He is too busy _______care of her. A. take B. to take C. taking D. B and C
32. I regret __________ you that your application has been refused. A. to inform B. informing C. inform D. informed
33. Don't forget _________ the door before going out. A. close B. closing C. to close D. closed
34. I advise you __________ before deciding to accept that position. A. to wait B. wait C. waiting D. to be waited
35. I promise to give you an opportunity _________ questions. A. to ask B. ask C. asking D. asked
36. I caught a cold yesterday from _________ in the rain. A. walking B. walk C. walked D. to walk
37. You are not allowed _________on the airplane. A. to smoke B. smoking C. to smoking D. to smokings
38. She expects people__________ her, but she never helps anyone! A. help B. to help C. helping D. to helping
39. Please stop ________. I can hear you fine! A. to shout B. to shouting C. shouting D. shout
40. Would you mind ... the window? It's very hot in here. A. to open B. to opening C. open D. opening
41. In Los Angeles, __________is not allowed in any building. A. to smoke B. smoking C. to smoking D. smoke
42. She forgave her sister for ___________ her. 8 A. to deceive B. deceive C. deceiving D. to deceiving
43. Since coming here, I've got used to _______ to bed early. A. to going B. going C. go D. to go
44. I don't mind ________up early, if I have to. A. get B. to get C. to getting D. getting
45. He recommended me _________it. A. do B. to do C. doing D. did
46. Are his ideas worth __________to? A. listen B. listening C. to listen D. to listening
47. My watch keeps ____________ A. stop B. to stop C. stopping D. stopped
48. Do you often practise___________ English? A. speaking B. to speak C. speak D. spoke
49. I must remind my students that this grammar point needs ________. A. revise B. revising C. to revise D. revised
50. I won’t have him ______ his bike in the kitchen. A. clean B. cleaning C. having cleaned D. cleaned
51. By the time their baby arrives, the Johnson hope _______ painting and decorating the new nursery. A. having finished B. to have finished
C. having been finished D. to have been finished
52. I don’t recall ______ him at the conference. A. having seen B. to have seen C. having been seen D. to have been seen
53. Last year I studied abroad. I appreciate _______ the opportunity to live and study in a foreign country. A. having been had B. having had C. to have had D. to have been had
54. Stacey seems like a bright student. She′s always the first ______ her work. A. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished
55. Anna learnt how _________ cakes from her grandmother. A. making B. to make C. to made D. make
56. Hurry up! The train is about _________ in five minutes. A. leave B. to leave C. left D. leaving
57. When he lived in the countryside, he ______ walk along the port to watch the ships up and down the river. A. got used to B. was used to C. used to D. uses to 9
58. Please don't hesitate _________ me when you arrive in Frankfurt. A. to call B. calling C. to calling D. call
59. This song makes everybody _________ comfortable. A. to feel B. feel C. feeling D. feels
60. She is mature enough _________ her family's problems with her parents. A. discussing B. to discussing C. discusses D. to discuss 10