Present continuous - English | Trường Đại Học Duy Tân

We use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening at the time of speaking: ■ Please don't make so much noise. I'm studying, (not I study) ■ "Where is Peggy?" "She's taking a bath." {not she takes) ■ Let's go out now. It isn't raining anymore. Tài liệu giúp bạn tham khảo, ôn tập và đạt kết quả cao. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!

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Present continuous - English | Trường Đại Học Duy Tân

We use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening at the time of speaking: ■ Please don't make so much noise. I'm studying, (not I study) ■ "Where is Peggy?" "She's taking a bath." {not she takes) ■ Let's go out now. It isn't raining anymore. Tài liệu giúp bạn tham khảo, ôn tập và đạt kết quả cao. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!

16 8 lượt tải Tải xuống
Present continuous (I am doing)
A. Study this example situation:
Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work.
She is driving to work.
This means: She is driving now, at the time of speaking.
This is the tense: present continuous
I am (= I'm)
he/she/(it) is (= he's, etc.) driving
we/they/you are (= we're, etc.)
We use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening at the time of
speaking:
Please don't make so much noise. I'm studying, I (not study)
"Where is Peggy?" "She's a bath." she takes) taking {not
Let's go out now. It isn't raining anymore.
(at a party) Hello, Ann. you Are enjoying the party? do you enjoy) (not
B. We also use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening around the
time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking. Study this example
situation:
Tom and Ann are talking and having coffee in a cafe. Tom says: "I'm
reading an interesting book at the moment. I'll lend it to you when I've
finished it."
Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has begun the book and
hasn't finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Here are some more examples:
Maria is studying English at a language school, studies)(not
Have you heard about Brian? He is building his own house, builds) (not
But perhaps Maria and Brian are not doing these things exactly at the time of speaking.
C. We often use the present continuous when we talk about a period around the present. For
example: today, this week, this season, etc.:
"You're working today." hard "Yes, I have a lot to do."
Tom isn't playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his
studies.
D. We use the present continuous when we talk about changing situations:
The population of the world very fast, rises) is rising (not
Is your English better? does. .. get) getting (not
Simple present (I do)
A. Study this example situation:
Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed.
So:
He is driving a bus (he is asleep). not
But: He drives a bus.
This is the tense: simple present
I/we/you/they drive
he/she/(it) drives
We use the simple present to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about the
present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is
true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking:
The earth around the sun. goes
Nurses take care of patients in hospitals.
In Canada, most stores close at 6:00 p.m.
Remember that we say he/she/it -s. Don't forget the s:
I work works in a bank. Barry in a department store.
B. do/does We use to make questions and negative sentences:
do I/we/you/they
work?
does he/she/it
I/we/you/they don't
work
he/she/it doesn't
Excuse me, you do speak English?
"Would you like a cigarette?" "No, thanks. I don't smoke."
What does this word mean? What means this word?)(not
Rice doesn't grow in Alaska.
For questions see also Unit 47.
C. We use the simple present when we say how often we do things:
I get up at 8:00 every morning, (not am getting)
How often do you go to the dentist?
Ann doesn't go out very often.
In the summer, Tom usually plays tennis twice a week.
D. do come Note that we say "Where you from?" (= Where are you from?):
Where you do come from? Where are you coming from?) (not
He comes from Japan, He is coming from Japan.) (not
Present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do)?
Study this explanation and compare the examples:
Present continuous (I am doing) Use the
present continuous to talk about
something that is happening at or close t
the time of speaking:
I am doing
Simple present (I Use the simple do)
present to talk about things in general
or things that happen repeatedly:
<<-I do-> >
past now future
The water Could you turn it off,is boiling.
please?
Listen to those people. What language a
they speaking?
"Where's Tom?" "He's tennis." playing
(you find a stranger in your room) What
are doing you here?
Maria is in Canada for three months. Sh
learning English.
Use the present continuous for a tempora
situation: with some friends untilI'm living
I can find an apartment. Mary usually has
summer job, but she this isn't working
summer.
past now future
Water at 100 degrees Celsius.boils
Excuse me, you English? do speak
Tom tennis every Saturday. What plays do
you usually on the weekend? What do do
you ( = What's your job?) do?
Most people to swim when they are learn
children.
Use the simple present for a permanent
situation: My parents in Boston. They live
have been there for 20 years. Jack doesn't
work during the summer. He always takes a
long vacation.
Some verbs are used only in tenses. For example, you cannot say "I am knowing." simple
You can only say Here is a list of verbs that are not normally used in I know. continuous
tenses (but there are exceptions):
want like belong know suppose remember
need love see realize mean forget
prefer hate hear believe understand seem
have (meaning "possess"; see also Unit 23) (meaning "believe" / "have an opinion")think
Do you Rome? are you liking)like (not
He the problem, he isn't understanding)doesn't understand (not
These shoes belong to me. are belonging) (not
What you Tom will do? (= What do you believe he will do?) do think
Do you have a car? (not are you having)
but: What you about? (= What is going on in your mind?)are thinking
Going to (I am going to do)
A. going to We use (do) when we say what we have already decided to do, or what we intend
to do in the future:
A: There's a movie on television tonight. you Are going to watch it?
B: No, I'm too tired. I'm going to make it an early night.
A: I hear Ann has won a lot of money. What she is going to do with it?
B: I've heard she's around the world. going to travel
For the difference between will going to and see Unit 8.
B. We prefer to use the present continuous when we say what someone has (I am doing)
arranged to do - for example, arranged to meet someone, arranged to travel somewhere.
Going to is also possible:
What time you are meeting Ann? (or are you going to meet)
I'm leaving for Europe on Monday, (or I'm going to leave)
See also Unit 4a.
C. We use to say what someone intended to do in the past (but didn't do):was/were going to
We were going to take the train, but then we decided to go by car.
A: Did Tom take the exam?
B: No, he was going to take it, but then he changed his mind.
Going to also has another meaning. Study this example situation:
The man can't see where he is going. There is a hole
in front of him.
He into the hole.is going to fall
Here the speaker is saying what he thinks will hap-
pen. Of course he doesn't mean that the man intends
to fall into the hole.
We use in this way when we say what we think will happen. Usually there going to
is something in the present situation (the man walking toward the hole) that makes
the speaker sure about what will happen.
Look' at those black clouds! It's going to rain, (the clouds are there now)
Oh, I feel terrible. I think I'm be sick. (I feel terrible now)going to
Will (1)
A. We use when we decide to do something at the time of speaking:will(‘ll)
Oh, I left the door open. and shut it. I'll go
"What would you like to drink?" some coffee, please." "I'll have
"Did you call Ann?" "Oh no, I forgot. it now." I'll do
I'm too tired to walk home. I think a taxi. I'll take
You cannot use the simple present (I in these sentences. do)
I'll go and shut it. I go and shut it) {not
Do not use to say what someone has already decided to do or arranged to do:will
I can't meet you tomorrow because my parents are coining to see me. {not
my parents will come)
The negative of will is won't (or will not):
Receptionist: I'm afraid Mr. Wood can't see you until 4:00.
You: Oh, in that case I won't wait.
We often use or I think I'll. . . I don't think I'll... when we decide to do something:
I think I'll stay home this evening.
I don't think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired.
B. We often use in these situations:will
Offering to do something:
That bag looks heavy. you with it. I help) I'll help {not
"I need some money." "Don't worry. you some." I'll lend
Agreeing refusing or to do something:
A: You know that book I lent you? Can I have it back?
B: Of course. it back this afternoon, I bring) I'll bring {not
I've asked John to help me, but he won't.
The car start. ( = the car "refuses" to start)won't
Promising to do something:
Thank you for lending me the money. you back on Friday. I'll pay
{not I pay)
I won't tell Tom what you said. I promise.
I promise you as soon as I arrive. I'll call
Asking someone to. do something (Will you. ..?) :
Will you shut the door, please?
Will you be please quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.
Will (2)
A. When we talk about the future, we often say what someone has arranged to do or
intends to do. Do use in this situation:not will
Tom is playing tennis on Monday, Tom will play){not
Are you going to watch television this evening? {not will you watch)
But often when we are talking about the future, we are not talking about arrangements or
intentions. Study this example:
Tom: I'm really worried about my exam next week.
Ann: Don't worry, Tom. You'll pass.
"You'll pass" is not an arrangement or an intention. Ann is just saying what will
happen or what she thinks will happen; she is predicting the future. When we predict a
future happening or a future situation, we use will/won't.
When you return home, you'll notice a lot of changes.
This time next year I'll be in Japan. Where will you be?
When will you find out your exam results?
Tom won't pass his exam. He hasn't done any work for it.
We often use with these words and expressions: will
probably
I'll probably be a little late this evening.
(I'm) sure You must meet Ann. I'm sure you'll
like her.
(I) bet I bet Carol will get the job.
(I) think Do you think we'll win the match?
(I) suppose I suppose we'll see John at the party.
(I) guess I guess I'll see you next week.
B. Will and shall
You can say (I'll)I will or I shall
we will or we shall (we'll)
I will (or I shall) probably go to Europe this summer.
We will (or we shall) probably go to Europe this summer.
Will is more common than shall. In speech we normally use the short forms I'll and we'll:
I'll probably go to Europe.
Do not use shall with he she it / / / they / you.
John will help you. {not shall help you)
We use (not in the questions and ... ? (for offers, shall will) Shall I... ? Shall we
suggestions, etc.):
Shall I open the window? (= Do you want me to open the window?)
Where shall we go this evening?
Will or going to?
A. Talking about future actions
We use both and to talk about our future actions, but there is a clear difference.will going to
Study this example situation:
Helen's bicycle has a flat tire. She tells her father.
Helen: My bicycle has a flat tire.
Can you fix it for me? Father:
Okay, but I can't do it now.
I'll fix it tomorrow.
will: We will use when we
decide to do something at
the time of speaking. The
speaker has not decided be-
fore. Before Helen told her
father, he didn't know
about the flat tire.
Later, Helen's mother speaks to her husband.
Mother: Can you fix Helen's bicycle?
It has a flat tire. Father:
Yes, I know. She told me.
I'm going to fix it tomorrow.
going to: We use going to
when we have already
decided to do something.
Helen's father had already
decided to fix the bicycle
before his wife spoke to
him.
Here is another example:
Tom is cooking when he suddenly discovers that there isn't any salt:
Tom: Ann, we don't have any salt.
Ann: Oh, we don't? some from the store, I'll get (she decides at the
time of speaking)
Before going out, Ann says to Jim:
Ann: I'm going to get some salt from the store, (she has already decided)
Can I get you anything, Jim?
B. Saying what will happen (predicting future happenings)
We use both and to say what we think will happen in the future:will going to
Do you think Laura will get the job?
Oh no! It's already 4:00. We're going to be late.
We use (not when there is something in the present situation that shows what going to will)
will happen in the future (especially the near future). The speaker feels sure about what will
happen because of the situation now
Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain, (the clouds are there now)
I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)
Do not use will in situations like these.
In other situations, use (see also Unit 7):will
Sue will probably arrive at about 8 o'clock.
I think George the present you bought for him. will like
Simple past (I did)
A. Study this example:
Tom: Look! It's raining again.
Ann: Oh no, not again. It all day yesterday too. rained
Rained is the tense. We use the simple past to talk about actions or situations simple past
in the past.
I enjoyed the party very much. ■ Mr. Brown died ten years ago.
When I lived in Athens, I worked in a bank.
B. Very often the simple past ends in -ed:
We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come.
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
She passed her exam because she studied very hard.
But many important verbs are irregular. This means that the simple past does end in not -ed:
We all left the party at 11:00.
Last month I to Rome to see a friend of mine.went
This house cost $75,000 in 1980.
The past of the verb be (am/is/are) is was/were:
I/he/she/it was we/you/they were
I was angry because Tom and Ann were late.
C. In simple past questions and negatives we use 4- the base form did/didn't (do/open,
etc.):
it rained did it rain? it didn't rain
Ann: you out last night, Tom?Did go
Tom: Yes, I went to the movies. But I didn't enjoy it.
When did Mrs. Johnson die? What you do over the weekend?did
We didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't come.
Why didn't call you me on Tuesday?
Note that we normally use did/didn't with have:
Did have you time to write the letter?
I didn't have enough money to buy anything to eat.
But we do not use did with the verb be (was/were):
Why were you so angry? Was Mark at work yesterday?
They weren't able to come because they were very busy.
leave
go
cost
Present perfect ( ) (1)I have done
A. Study this example situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.
He his key.has lost
"He has lost his key" means that he lost it a short time
ago and he still doesn't have it.
This is the tense:present perfect (simple)
lost
We form the present perfect with + the The past participle often have/has past participle.
ends in (opened, decided), but many important verbs are -ed irregular (lost, written, done,
etc.).
B. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with the present:
I've lost I my key. (= don't have it now.)
Jim to Canada. (= He is in Canada or on his way there has gone now.)
C. We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent
happening:
I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
Did you hear about Jim? He's gone to Canada.
You can use the present perfect with (= a short time ago): just
"Would you like something to eat?" "No, thanks. lunch." I've just had
Hello, have you just arrived?
Use the present perfect with to say something has happened sooner than expected:already
"Don't forget to mail the letter." it." "I've already mailed
' 'When is Tom going to start his new j ob ?" ' 'He has already started.''
Note that you can also use the simple past (I did /1 lost, etc.) in the above situations.
I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
"Would you like something to eat?" "No thanks. I lunch." just had
"Don't forget to mail the letter." "I already mailed it."
D. gone to been to:Study the difference between and
Beth is on vacation. She has gone to Italy. (= She is there now or she is on
her way there.)
Tom is back from his vacation. He has been to Italy. (= He was there, but
now he has come back.)
I/we/they/you (= etc.have I've,
he/she (= he's, etchas
I (etc.) haven't
he/she hasn't
have you (etc.)
has he/she lost?
lost
Present perfect ( ) (2)I have done
A. Study this example conversation:
Dave: Have you traveled a lot, Jane?
Jane: Yes, to 47 different countries.I've been
Dave: Really? Have you ever been to China?
Jane: Yes, I've visited China twice.
Dave: What about India?
Jane: No, I've never to India.been
When we talk about a period of time that continues up to the present, we use the present
perfect. Jane and Dave are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a
period continuing up to the present).
Here are some more examples:
"Have you read Hamlet?'" "No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's
plays."
How many times have you been to the United States?
Susan really loves that movie. She's seen it eight times.
Carlos has lived in Argentina all his life, {or Carlos has always lived in
Argentina.)
We often use and with the present perfect:ever never
Have you ever eaten caviar?
We have never had a car.
We often use the present perfect after a superlative
What a boring movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen.
B. This is the first time..., It's the first You have to use the present perfect with
time..., etc. Study this example situation:
Ron is driving a car. He is very nervous and unsure because it's his first time
behind the wheel of a car. You can say:
This is the first time he has driven a car. {not drives) or: He has
never driven a car before. Here are some more examples:
Kathy has lost her passport again. It's the second time she has lost it.
Is this the first time you've been in the hospital?
C. Use the present perfect to say that you have never done something or that you
haven't done something during a period of time that continues up to the present:
I have never smoked.
I haven't smoked for three years, {not I don't smoke for...)
I haven't smoked since September, {not I don't smoke since ...)
Jill hasn't written to me for nearly a month.
Jill has never driven a car.
Present perfect ( ) (3)I have done
A. Study this example:
Tom: you from George? Ann: No, Have heard
he hasn't written to me lately.
We use the present perfect when we talk about
a period of time that continues up to the
present. Tom and Ann are talking about the
period between a short time ago and now. So
they say "have you heard" and "he hasn't
written."
Here are some more examples:
Have seen you my umbrella? I can't find it anywhere.
Everything is going fine. We haven't had any problems so far.
We've met a lot of interesting people in the last few days.
Fred has been sick a lot in the past few years, hasn't he?
I haven't seen Maria recently. Have you?
B. yet. Yet We often use the present perfect with shows that the speaker is expecting
something to happen. Use only in questions and negative sentences:yet
Has it stopped raining yet?
I haven't told them about the accident yet.
You can also use with the simple past:yet
Did it stop raining yet?
I didn't tell them yet.
C. We use the present perfect with this morning / this evening / today / this week / this
semester, etc. (when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking):
I've had five cups of coffee today. (Perhaps I'll
have more before the day is over.)
Has Ann had a vacation this year?
I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?
Liz hasn't studied very much this semester.
Bill is calling his girlfriend again. That's the
third time he's
called her this evening.
D. We also use the present perfect continuous (I have been doing) when we talk about a
period of time continuing up to the present:
I haven't been feeling very well lately.
Present perfect continuous (I have
been doing)
A. Study this example situation:
Is it raining?
No, it isn't, but the ground is wet.
It has been raining.
This is the tense:present perfect continuous
I/we/they/you ( = I've, etc.) have been done
he/she/it (= he's, etc.) has
We use the present perfect continuous when we talk about an action that began in the past
and has recently stopped or just stopped. Here are some examples:
You're out of breath. you Have been running?
Why are your clothes so dirty? What have been doing? you
I've been talking to Tom about your problem, and he thinks . ..
B. We also use the present perfect continuous to ask or say how long something has been
happening. This time the action or situation began in the past and is still happening or has
just stopped. Study this example:
It is raining now. It began to rain two hours ago, and
it is still raining.
It has been raining for two hours.
We often use the present perfect continuous in this
way, especially with and how long, for, since.
You can also use the present perfect continuous (with how long, for, and since) for actions
repeated over a period of time:
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
How long have you been smoking?
Present perfect continuous ( I have been
doing) or present perfect simple (I have
done)?
A. Study these example situations:
Ann's clothes are covered in paint.
She has been painting the ceiling.
Has been painting is the present
perfect continuous tense.
We are interested in the action. It
does not matter whether something
has been finished or not. In the
example, the action has not been
finished.
The ceiling was white. Now it's blue.
She has painted the ceiling.
Has painted is the present
perfect simple tense.
This time, the important thing is that
something has been finished. We are
interested in the result of the action,
not in the action itself.
Here are some pairs of examples:
Tom's hands are very dirty. He
has been fixing You've the car.
been smoking too much
lately. You should smoke less.
The car is working again now. Tom
has fixed it.
Somebody has smoked all my cigar-
ettes. The packet is empty.
B. We use the form to continuous
say how long something has been
happening:
Ann has been writing letters
all day. How long have you been
reading
that book? Jim has been
playing tennis
since 2:00.
We use the form to say how simple
much we have done, how many things
we have done, or how many times we
have done something:
Ann has written ten letters today.
How many pages haveof that book
you read? Jim has played tennis
three times
this week.
| 1/13

Preview text:

Present continuous (I am doing)
A. Study this example situation:
Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work.
This means: She is driving now, at the time of speaking.
This is the present continuous tense: I am (= I'm) he/she/(it) is (= he's, etc.) driving
we/they/you are (= we're, etc.)
We use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening at the time of speaking:
■ Please don't make so much noise. I'm studying, (not I study)
■ "Where is Peggy?" "She's taking a bath." {not she takes)
■ Let's go out now. It isn't raining anymore.
■ (at a party) Hel o, Ann. Are you enjoying the party? (not do you enjoy)
B. We also use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening around the
time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking. Study this example situation:
■ Tom and Ann are talking and having coffee in a cafe. Tom says: "I'm
reading an interesting book at the moment. I'l lend it to you when I've finished it."
Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has begun the book and
hasn't finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Here are some more examples:
■ Maria is studying English at a language school, (not studies)
■ Have you heard about Brian? He is building his own house, (not builds)
But perhaps Maria and Brian are not doing these things exactly at the time of speaking.
C. We often use the present continuous when we talk about a period around the present. For
example: today, this week, this season, etc.:
"You're working hard today." "Yes, I have a lot to do."
Tom isn't playing footbal this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies.
D. We use the present continuous when we talk about changing situations:
■ The population of the world is rising very fast, (not rises)
■ Is your English getting better? (not does. .. get) Simple present (I do)
A. Study this example situation:
Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed. So:
He is not driving a bus (he is asleep). But: He drives a bus.
This is the simple present tense: I/we/you/they drive he/she/(it) drives
We use the simple present to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about the
present. We use it to say that something happens al the time or repeatedly, or that something is
true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking:
■ The earth goes around the sun.
■ Nurses take care of patients in hospitals.
■ In Canada, most stores close at 6:00 p.m.
Remember that we say he/she/it -s. Don't forget the s:
■ I work in a bank. Barry works in a department store.
B. We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences: do I/we/you/they I/we/you/they don't work? work does he/she/it he/she/it doesn't
■ Excuse me, do you speak English?
■ "Would you like a cigarette?" "No, thanks. I don't smoke."
■ What does this word mean? (not What means this word?)
■ Rice doesn't grow in Alaska.
For questions see also Unit 47.
C. We use the simple present when we say how often we do things:
■ I get up at 8:00 every morning, (not am getting)
■ How often do you go to the dentist?
■ Ann doesn't go out very often.
■ In the summer, Tom usual y plays tennis twice a week.
D. Note that we say "Where do you come from?" (= Where are you from?):
■ Where do you come from? (not Where are you coming from?)
■ He comes from Japan, (not He is coming from Japan.)
Present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do)?
Study this explanation and compare the examples:
Present continuous (I am doing) Use the Simple present (I do) Use the simple
present continuous to talk about
present to talk about things in general
something that is happening at or close t or things that happen repeatedly: the time of speaking: <<-I do-> > I am doing
past now future past now future
The water is boiling. Could you turn it off, Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. please?
Listen to those people. What language a they speaking?
Excuse me, do you speak English?
"Where's Tom?" "He's playing tennis."
(you find a stranger in your room) What Tom plays tennis every Saturday. What do are you doing here?
you usual y do on the weekend? What do you do? ( = What's your job?)
Maria is in Canada for three months. Sh Most people learn to swim when they are learning English. children.
Use the present continuous for a temporaUse the simple present for a permanent
situation: I'm living with some friends until situation: My parents live in Boston. They
I can find an apartment. Mary usually has have been there for 20 years. Jack doesn't
summer job, but she isn't working this
work during the summer. He always takes a summer. long vacation.
Some verbs are used only in simple tenses. For example, you cannot say "I am knowing."
You can only say I know. Here is a list of verbs that are not normal y used in continuous
tenses (but there are exceptions): want like belong know suppose remember need love see realize mean forget prefer hate hear believe understand seem
have (meaning "possess"; see also Unit 23) think (meaning "believe" / "have an opinion")
■ Do you like Rome? (not are you liking)
■ He doesn't understand the problem, (not he isn't understanding)
■ These shoes belong to me. (not are belonging)
■ What do you think Tom wil do? (= What do you believe he wil do?)
■ Do you have a car? (not are you having)
■ but: What are you thinking about? (= What is going on in your mind?) Going to (I am going to do)
A. We use going to (do) when we say what we have already decided to do, or what we intend to do in the future:
■ A: There's a movie on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I'm too tired. I'm going to make it an early night.
■ A: I hear Ann has won a lot of money. What is she going to do with it?
B: I've heard she's going to travel around the world.
For the difference between wil and going to see Unit 8.
B. We prefer to use the present continuous (I am doing) when we say what someone has
arranged to do - for example, arranged to meet someone, arranged to travel somewhere. Going to is also possible:
■ What time are you meeting Ann? (or are you going to meet)
I'm leaving for Europe on Monday, (or I'm going to leave) See also Unit 4a.
C. We use was/were going to to say what someone intended to do in the past (but didn't do):
■ We were going to take the train, but then we decided to go by car. ■ A: Did Tom take the exam?
B: No, he was going to take it, but then he changed his mind.
Going to also has another meaning. Study this example situation:
The man can't see where he is going. There is a hole in front of him.
He is going to fal into the hole.
Here the speaker is saying what he thinks wil hap-
pen. Of course he doesn't mean that the man intends to fall into the hole.
We use going to in this way when we say what we think will happen. Usual y there
is something in the present situation (the man walking toward the hole) that makes
the speaker sure about what wil happen.
Look' at those black clouds! It's going to rain, (the clouds are there now)
Oh, I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel terrible now) Wil (1)
A. We use will(‘ll) when we decide to do something at the time of speaking:
■ Oh, I left the door open. I'l go and shut it.
■ "What would you like to drink?" "I'l have some coffee, please."
■ "Did you cal Ann?" "Oh no, I forgot. I'l do it now."
■ I'm too tired to walk home. I think I'l take a taxi.
You cannot use the simple present (I do) in these sentences.
■ I'l go and shut it. {not I go and shut it)
Do not use wil to say what someone has already decided to do or arranged to do:
■ I can't meet you tomorrow because my parents are coining to see me. {not my parents wil come)
The negative of wil is won't (or wil not):
Receptionist: I'm afraid Mr. Wood can't see you until 4:00. You:
Oh, in that case I won't wait.
We often use I think I'l . . . or I don't think I'l ... when we decide to do something:
■ I think I'l stay home this evening.
■ I don't think I'l go out tonight. I'm too tired.
B. We often use will in these situations: Offering to do something:
■ That bag looks heavy. I'l help you with it. {not I help)
■ "I need some money." "Don't worry. I'll lend you some."
Agreeing or refusing to do something:
■ A: You know that book I lent you? Can I have it back?
■ B: Of course. I'l bring it back this afternoon, {not I bring)
■ I've asked John to help me, but he won't.
■ The car won't start. ( = the car "refuses" to start) Promising to do something:
■ Thank you for lending me the money. I'l pay you back on Friday. {not I pay)
■ I won't tel Tom what you said. I promise.
■ I promise I'l cal you as soon as I arrive.
Asking someone to. do something (Wil you. . . ?) :
■ Wil you shut the door, please?
■ Wil you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate. Wil (2)
A. When we talk about the future, we often say what someone has arranged to do or
intends to do. Do not use will in this situation:
■ Tom is playing tennis on Monday, {not Tom wil play)
■ Are you going to watch television this evening? {not wil you watch)
But often when we are talking about the future, we are not talking about arrangements or
intentions. Study this example:
Tom: I'm real y worried about my exam next week.
Ann: Don't worry, Tom. You'l pass.
"You'll pass" is not an arrangement or an intention. Ann is just saying what wil
happen or what she thinks wil happen; she is predicting the future. When we predict a
future happening or a future situation, we use wil /won't.
■ When you return home, you'l notice a lot of changes.
■ This time next year I'l be in Japan. Where wil you be?
■ When wil you find out your exam results?
■ Tom won't pass his exam. He hasn't done any work for it.
We often use wil with these words and expressions: probably
I'l probably be a little late this evening.
(I'm) sure You must meet Ann. I'm sure you'l like her. (I) bet I bet Carol wil get the job. (I) think
Do you think we'l win the match?
(I) suppose I suppose we'l see John at the party. (I) guess
I guess I'l see you next week. B. Wil and shal
You can say I wil or I shall (I'l ) we will or we shal (we'l )
■ I wil (or I shal ) probably go to Europe this summer.
■ We wil (or we shal ) probably go to Europe this summer.
Wil is more common than shal . In speech we normal y use the short forms I'l and we'l :
■ I'l probably go to Europe.
Do not use shal with he / she / it / they / you.
■ John wil help you. {not shal help you)
We use shal (not wil ) in the questions Shal I... ? and Shal we ... ? (for offers, suggestions, etc.):
■ Shal I open the window? (= Do you want me to open the window?)
■ Where shal we go this evening? Wil or going to?
A. Talking about future actions
We use both wil and going to to talk about our future actions, but there is a clear difference. Study this example situation:
Helen's bicycle has a flat tire. She tel s her father. wil : We use wil when we
Helen: My bicycle has a flat tire. decide to do something at the time of speaking. The
Can you fix it for me? Father: speaker has not decided be- Okay, but I can't do it now. I'l fix it tomorrow. fore. Before Helen told her father, he didn't know about the flat tire.
Later, Helen's mother speaks to her husband. going to: We use going to
Mother: Can you fix Helen's bicycle? when we have already It has a flat tire. Father: decided to do something. Yes, I know. She told me. Helen's father had already I'm going to fix it tomorrow. decided to fix the bicycle before his wife spoke to him. Here is another example:
■ Tom is cooking when he suddenly discovers that there isn't any salt:
Tom: Ann, we don't have any salt.
Ann: Oh, we don't? I'll get some from the store, (she decides at the time of speaking)
Before going out, Ann says to Jim:
Ann: I'm going to get some salt from the store, (she has already decided) Can I get you anything, Jim?
B. Saying what wil happen (predicting future happenings)
We use both wil and going to to say what we think wil happen in the future:
■ Do you think Laura wil get the job?
■ Oh no! It's already 4:00. We're going to be late.
We use going to (not wil ) when there is something in the present situation that shows what
wil happen in the future (especial y the near future). The speaker feels sure about what wil
happen because of the situation now
■ Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain, (the clouds are there now)
■ I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)
Do not use wil in situations like these.
In other situations, use wil (see also Unit 7):
■ Sue wil probably arrive at about 8 o'clock.
■ I think George will like the present you bought for him. Simple past (I did) A. Study this example:
Tom: Look! It's raining again.
Ann: Oh no, not again. It rained al day yesterday too.
Rained is the simple past tense. We use the simple past to talk about actions or situations in the past.
■ I enjoyed the party very much. ■ Mr. Brown died ten years ago.
■ When I lived in Athens, I worked in a bank.
B. Very often the simple past ends in -ed:
■ We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come.
■ The police stopped me on my way home last night.
■ She passed her exam because she studied very hard.
But many important verbs are irregular. This means that the simple past does not end in -ed: leave -> l ef t
We al left the party at 11:00.
go > went Last month I went to Rome to see a friend of mine.
cost > cost This house cost $75,000 in 1980.
The past of the verb be (am/is/are) is was/were: I/he/she/it was we/you/they were
I was angry because Tom and Ann were late.
C. In simple past questions and negatives we use did/didn't 4- the base form (do/open, etc.):
it rained did it rain? it didn't rain
Ann: Did you go out last night, Tom?
Tom: Yes, I went to the movies. But I didn't enjoy it.
■ When did Mrs. Johnson die? ■ What did you do over the weekend?
■ We didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't come.
■ Why didn't you cal me on Tuesday?
Note that we normal y use did/didn't with have:
■ Did you have time to write the letter?
■ I didn't have enough money to buy anything to eat.
But we do not use did with the verb be (was/were):
■ Why were you so angry? ■ Was Mark at work yesterday?
■ They weren't able to come because they were very busy.
Present perfect (I have done) (1)
A. Study this example situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key.
"He has lost his key" means that he lost it a short time
ago and he stil doesn't have it.
This is the present perfect (simple) tense:
I/we/they/you have (= I've, etc. lost he/she has (= he's, etc I (etc.) haven't have you (etc.) lost he/she hasn't has he/she lost?
We form the present perfect with have/has + the past participle. The past participle often
ends in -ed (opened, decided), but many important verbs are irregular (lost, written, done, etc.).
B. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with the present:
■ I've lost my key. (= I don't have it now.)
■ Jim has gone to Canada. (= He is in Canada or on his way there now.)
C. We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening:
■ I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
■ Did you hear about Jim? He's gone to Canada.
You can use the present perfect with just (= a short time ago):
■ "Would you like something to eat?" "No, thanks. I've just had lunch."
■ Hel o, have you just arrived?
Use the present perfect with already to say something has happened sooner than expected:
■ "Don't forget to mail the letter." "I've already mailed it."
■ ' 'When is Tom going to start his new j ob ?" ' 'He has already started.'
Note that you can also use the simple past (I did /1 lost, etc.) in the above situations.
■ I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
■ "Would you like something to eat?" "No thanks. I just had lunch."
■ "Don't forget to mail the letter." "I already mailed it."
D. Study the difference between gone to and been to:
■ Beth is on vacation. She has gone to Italy. (= She is there now or she is on her way there.)
■ Tom is back from his vacation. He has been to Italy. (= He was there, but now he has come back.)
Present perfect (I have done) (2)
A. Study this example conversation:
Dave: Have you traveled a lot, Jane?
Jane: Yes, I've been to 47 different countries.
Dave: Real y? Have you ever been to China?
Jane: Yes, I've visited China twice. Dave: What about India?
Jane: No, I've never been to India.
When we talk about a period of time that continues up to the present, we use the present
perfect. Jane and Dave are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a
period continuing up to the present). Here are some more examples:
■ "Have you read Hamlet?'" "No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays."
■ How many times have you been to the United States?
■ Susan real y loves that movie. She's seen it eight times.
■ Carlos has lived in Argentina al his life, {or Carlos has always lived in Argentina.)
We often use ever and never with the present perfect:
■ Have you ever eaten caviar? ■ We have never had a car.
We often use the present perfect after a superlative
■ What a boring movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen.
B. You have to use the present perfect with This is the first time..., It's the first
time..., etc. Study this example situation:
■ Ron is driving a car. He is very nervous and unsure because it's his first time
behind the wheel of a car. You can say:
This is the first time he has driven a car. {not drives) or: He has
never driven a car before. Here are some more examples:
■ Kathy has lost her passport again. It's the second time she has lost it.
■ Is this the first time you've been in the hospital?
C. Use the present perfect to say that you have never done something or that you
haven't done something during a period of time that continues up to the present: ■ I have never smoked.
■ I haven't smoked for three years, {not I don't smoke for...)
■ I haven't smoked since September, {not I don't smoke since ...)
■ Jil hasn't written to me for nearly a month.
■ Jil has never driven a car.
Present perfect (I have done) (3) A. Study this example:
Tom: Have you heard from George? Ann: No,
he hasn't written to me lately.
We use the present perfect when we talk about
a period of time that continues up to the
present. Tom and Ann are talking about the
period between a short time ago and now. So
they say "have you heard" and "he hasn't written." Here are some more examples:
■ Have you seen my umbrel a? I can't find it anywhere.
■ Everything is going fine. We haven't had any problems so far.
■ We've met a lot of interesting people in the last few days.
■ Fred has been sick a lot in the past few years, hasn't he?
■ I haven't seen Maria recently. Have you?
B. We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting
something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences:
■ Has it stopped raining yet?
■ I haven't told them about the accident yet.
You can also use yet with the simple past: ■ Did it stop raining yet? ■ I didn't tel them yet.
C. We use the present perfect with this morning / this evening / today / this week / this
semester, etc. (when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking):
I've had five cups of coffee today. (Perhaps I'l
have more before the day is over.)
Has Ann had a vacation this year?
I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?
Liz hasn't studied very much this semester.
Bil is cal ing his girlfriend again. That's the
third time he's cal ed her this evening.
D. We also use the present perfect continuous (I have been doing) when we talk about a
period of time continuing up to the present:
I haven't been feeling very wel lately.
Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
A. Study this example situation: Is it raining?
No, it isn't, but the ground is wet. It has been raining.
This is the present perfect continuous tense:
I/we/they/you have ( = I've, etc.) been done he/she/it has (= he's, etc.)
We use the present perfect continuous when we talk about an action that began in the past
and has recently stopped or just stopped. Here are some examples:
■ You're out of breath. Have you been running?
■ Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
■ I've been talking to Tom about your problem, and he thinks . ..
B. We also use the present perfect continuous to ask or say how long something has been
happening. This time the action or situation began in the past and is stil happening or has
just stopped. Study this example:
It is raining now. It began to rain two hours ago, and it is stil raining.
It has been raining for two hours.
We often use the present perfect continuous in this
way, especially with how long, for, and since.
You can also use the present perfect continuous (with how long, for, and since) for actions
repeated over a period of time:
■ She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
■ How long have you been smoking?
Present perfect continuous ( I have been
doing) or present perfect simple (I have done)?
A. Study these example situations:
Ann's clothes are covered in paint. The ceiling was white. Now it's blue.
She has been painting the ceiling. She has painted the ceiling.
Has been painting is the present Has painted is the present perfect continuous tense. perfect simple tense.
We are interested in the action. It This time, the important thing is that
does not matter whether something something has been finished. We are
has been finished or not. In the
interested in the result of the action,
example, the action has not been not in the action itself. finished.
Here are some pairs of examples:
Tom's hands are very dirty. He
The car is working again now. Tom
has been fixing the car. You've has fixed it. been smoking too much
Somebody has smoked al my cigar-
lately. You should smoke less. ettes. The packet is empty.
B. We use the continuous form to We use the simple form to say how
say how long something has been much we have done, how many things happening:
we have done, or how many times we have done something: Ann has been writing letters
Ann has written ten letters today.
al day. How long have you been reading
How many pages of that book have that book? Jim has been
you read? Jim has played tennis playing tennis three times since 2:00. this week.