Báo chí tiếng anh cơ bản Module 1 Packet 2022 | Học viện Báo chí và Tuyên truyền

MODULE ONE: THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM Table of Contents
MODULE ONE: THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM .................................................................................. 1
Module Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Private Journal 1: Introduction to Journalism ........................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 1: The History of Journalism 1: The Early Days ............................................................................................. 4
Quiz 1: History of Journalism 1: The Early Days ........................................................................................................ 7
Lesson 2: The History of Journalism 2: 1690 – Present ............................................................................................ 8
Quiz 2: History of Journalism 2: 1690 - Present ...................................................................................................... 11
Language Focus: Talking about the Past ................................................................................................................. 12
Common Irregular Verb Forms ............................................................................................................................... 15
Quiz 3: Talking about the Past ................................................................................................................................ 17
Private Journal 2: The Interrupted Past .................................................................................................................. 18
Discussion: The Interrupted Past ............................................................................................................................ 19
Principles of Journalism 1: Gathering Sources ........................................................................................................ 20
Principles of Journalism 2: Telling the Story ........................................................................................................... 22
Language Focus: Word Families .............................................................................................................................. 24
Quiz 4: Language Focus: Word Families.................................................................................................................. 27
Principles of Journalism 3: Making an Impact ........................................................................................................ 28
Quiz 5: Principles of Journalism Vocabulary ........................................................................................................... 30
Language Focus: Phrases for Agreeing and Disagreeing ......................................................................................... 31
Private Journal 3: Case Study: Principles of Journalism .......................................................................................... 34
Discussion: Case Study: Principles of Journalism .................................................................................................... 35
Module One Check.................................................................................................................................................. 36
© 2021 by FHI 360. “English for Journalism MOOC – Module One Packet” for the Online
Professional English Network (OPEN), sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with funding 1
provided by the U.S. government and administered by FHI 360. This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License, except where noted. To view a copy of this
license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode
This work is a derivative of "Bilingual Inscription " courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Progra ,
m "Metal Typesetting" by Hannes Wolf. under Unsplash license, and
untitled image by William Cho unde
r Pixabay license. This derivative is licensed unde
r CC BY 4.0 by FHI 360 for use in th
e American English E-Teacher Program,
sponsored by the U.S. Department of State.
M O D U L E O V E R V I E W
Welcome to Module One of English for Journalism! Learning about the history and principles of journalism will
help you become a successful news reporter. Learning Objectives:
• Identify historical developments and milestones in journalism.
• Identify the core principles of journalism.
• Identify word forms to expand your vocabulary.
• Use the simple past and past progressive to report and describe past events. 2
P R I V A T E J O U R N A L 1 : I N T R O DU C T I O N T O J O U R N A L I S M
Important: This is a private journal. It will not be graded or seen by your peers.
In this module, we will be learning about the history and the principles of journalism. We will study the history of journalism first.
Before we begin, take a moment to think and write about what you already know: What is journalism? How did journalism begin?
In the early days, how did people share and receive important information?
How has that changed over time?
Take five minutes to write the thoughts that come to your mind. Don't worry about mistakes. Only you will see this. 3
L E S S O N 1 : T H E H I ST O R Y O F J O U R N A L I S M 1 : T H E E A R L Y D A Y S
Untitled Image by 200 degrees via Pixabay is licensed under Pixabay license
[Video available online for viewing. Script below.]
The Origins of Journalism
"Bilingual Inscription" Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program
One of the earliest forms of organized reporting of current events was the acta diurna of the Roman Empire (around 100 BCE). Thes
e acta diurna (Latin for “daily events”) were organized by the Roman government. They
hired scribes who carved the information into stone. The government posted the stones in public places so that people could read them.
If people were literate, or able to read and write, they could learn about births and deaths, marriages, and the results of legal trials.
Fun Fact: The Latin word diurna is the root of the modern English word journal.
Chinese Woodblock Print, Yuan Dynasty by Petri Krohn (Links to an external sitevia Wikipedia Commons under Public Domain
Around the same time in China, a similar thing was happening. The Chinese government sent out official reports,
called dibao from the capital to local governors. The governors edited the reports. This means they decided which
information was important for local people to read. They wrote new editions, or versions, of the reports. They
carved the reports onto woodblocks and printed many copies. They posted the reports in public places for people
to read. Woodblock printing was more efficient, or quicker and easier, than carving into stone. Printing allowed
people to make multiple copies of a document for the first time. 4
Throughout history, people learned about current events through posted announcements and word of
mouth. Everything changed with the invention of movable-type printing presses, machines with small metal parts
that move so that any text could be created and then many identical copies made. The earliest known movable-
type printing press was created in East Asia in the 10th Century CE.
In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg built the first movable-type printing press for a Latin alphabet. This was the first time
that the English language could be printed quickly and efficiently.
The printing press changed the way that people got their news. It was now much quicker and cheaper to print
texts and almost anybody could do it.
"Early Printing Press" was originally published in The Illustrated History of England by Henry Dulcken, 1888. This image was published by Firkin on OpenClipArt and is
licensed under Public Domain, Creative Commons Zero 1.0
As technology improved, many people became printers. Soon, they were publishing, or preparing and distributing
papers, journals, and books. As more and more written material was published, more and more people
became literate, or able to read and write; however, government still controlled what people wrote.
In Europe, the printing press led to a new type of media, single-page newsletters called corantos. These early
newspapers had information about wars and other current events as well as philosophical discussions.
Some corantos were critical of powerful organizations like the government and the Church. The
government censored them, meaning they stopped people from writing or talking about topics they didn't like.
The government only wanted people to write propaganda, information that helps the government.
In England, the government passed a law which said that anyone who wanted to print or publish had to have the
government’s permission, or license. Printers who had a government license enjoyed a monopoly as competition
was eliminated. Meanwhile, the government was able to control what information was being shared. The
government gave permission to printers who published stories they liked and refused or removed licenses for
people who published stories they didn’t like. The government was able to remove and destroy any publication
considered offensive. They could arrest people who wrote, printed and published information that they didn't like. 5
"First page of Areopagatica" by gobeirne via Wikimedia Commons under the Public Domain.
In England, in 1644, John Milton wrote and published a famous coranto called Areopagitica. This speech called for
the freedom of the press, the right to report news without being controlled by the government. Many of the ideas
that Milton wrote about are very important to the modern principles of journalism and human rights.
Milton argued that people have the right to information. Information helps us make decisions and can change our
beliefs. He said that as a society we should make our decisions through consensus, or a general agreement, that
respects a variety of opinions. He argued that we must discuss and debate (or argue). Our discussion and debates
must be based on information that has not been manipulated or influenced. We need the facts and only the facts
so that we can form our own opinions.
In short, Milton argued that a free press is essential to a free society. He said that people should be free to report
the news without government trying to stop them.
Publick Occurrences, the first newspaper in the Americas, was published in Boston in 1690. It contained only four
pages and was supposed to be published every month; however, it was censored immediately and only one edition was ever published.
In the early history of journalism, governments wanted to control the information that people received. The
authorities censored newspapers when they did not like what was being printed. Next, we will look at the steps
that allowed the press to become free, not controlled by the government. 6
Q U I Z 1 : H I S T O R Y O F J O U R N A LI S M 1 : T H E E A RL Y D A Y S
You must take this quiz in Canvas to complete the course and receive a digital badge and certificate. Instructions
Welcome to your first quiz! Answer the following questions from The History of Journalism 1: The Early Days. If
you do not know an answer, you can always review the video and lesson.
Each question is worth two points. There are five questions. You must get four out of five questions correct to pass
the quiz. You can take the quiz as many times as you like. Your highest score will be saved.
>>> This quiz must be completed in Canvas to receive the digital badge and certificate. <<< 7
L E S S O N 2 : T H E H I ST O R Y O F J O U R N A L I S M 2 : 1 6 9 0 – P R E S E N T
Untitled Image by 200 degrees via Pixabay is licensed under Pixabay license
[Video available online for viewing. Script below.]
In the last lesson, we looked at origins of journalism and talked about the ways that journalism was censored by
governments. In this lesson we are going to look at the steps that allowed journalism to become more
independent and freer from government control. We will also talk about the different ways that people get their news.
Watch the video or listen to the audio. Try to take notes on the dates and names you hear because this will help
you play the game that follows this lesson.
For most of the 18th century, governments still controlled what people wrote. For example, in the USA in 1722, a
young Benjamin Franklin took over as editor of a newspaper called The New-England Courant, because his older
brother was in jail. The government accused him of writing things that were not true. The Fourth Estate
In 1787, Edmund Burke, a politician, was making a speech in the British Parliament. He argued that the press
should be allowed to report on the House of Commons of Great Britain. He spoke about the three traditional parts
of European governments commonly known as the Three Estates (the church, the nobility, and the common
people). Then he pointed to the journalists and called them the Fourth Estate. He meant that writing the truth was
an important part of governing a country. We still call journalism the Fourth Estate today. The First Amendment
A few years later, in 1791, ten amendments to the US Constitution called the Bill of Rights became a law. The first
amendment talked about freedom of religion, freedom of speech and also freedom of the press. The First
Amendment protects journalists’ rights by making sure the government cannot control the information or opinions that journalists publish.
Even though journalism was no longer controlled by the government, most newspapers in the early 19th century
were biased, meaning they only told one side of the story or one point of view and were read by people who agreed with their opinion.
In 1835, however, a newspaper called The New York Herald was started with the goal of providing unbiased news
that everyone could enjoy. This newspaper also tried to be politically independent, not preferring one political party over another.
The Invention of the Telegraph
In the 1850s, newspapers moved from being just local to national. As technology improved, it became easier to
print and distribute many more newspapers.
The invention of the telegraph revolutionized journalism again. Before the telegraph, journalists relied on
government reports and mail delivery to receive their information and write their reports. The telegraph made it
possible to quickly share information across long distances, even international borders and oceans. 8
"Ada Jones Sending Morse Code in 1918" by Oaktree b via Wikimedia Commons under Public Domain
The telegraph increased the speed of message delivery but was also very expensive. A person visiting a telegraph
company paid by the word. People wanted to save money, so they kept their messages short. They wrote very
short sentences and paragraphs. This new style of writing soon became popular with newspapers.
The high costs of telegraph messages also led to the creation of the firs
t news agencies or wire services. A news
agency gathers news reports and sells them to news organizations. The first American news agency was the
Associated Press, which was founded in New York City in 1846. News agencies allowed local newspapers to report
on national and international news. As the telegraph became more popular, printing technology was also
improving. it became easier and easier to print and distribute newspapers. Hundreds of thousands of people could
now read the same newspaper on the same day in different parts of the country.
Newspapers of the 19th Century were often biased. They only told part of the story or only one point of view.
As the number of newspapers increased, literacy also increased. More and more people were buying and reading
newspapers. Publishers wanted people to buy their newspapers.
Hoe's Six-Cylinder Press" via Wikimedia Commons under Public Domain
Newspaper publishing was a big business, and some publishers were becoming very rich and powerful. They
wanted to control information that might hurt their interests and they wanted to promote information that might help them.
To attract readers and to protect their interests, newspapers often published sensationa l storie s that were not
always accurate. These stories were exciting or shocking and many people wanted to read them. This led to the
rise of so-called "yellow journalism", a precursor to the modern tabloid.
The early years of the 20th century saw the development of investigative journalism. This involved a journalist
looking into and writing about powerful people and industries. For example, Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle in
1906. Readers of The Jungle learned about the unhealthy practices in Chicago’s meatpacking factories and the bad
conditions for the workers. After people read The Jungle, people wanted to change the laws. This strong public
reaction pushed the government to create the Food and Drug Administration, the nation’s first consumer protection agency. 9
Untitled Image via Wikimedia Common is under Public Domain.
Although newspapers continued to be popular throughout the 20th century, by the 1920s, they also had to
compete with newsreels and radio broadcasts. Listening to news on the radio allowed the whole family to sit
down and hear the news at the same time. They could also listen to things live as they were happening instead of
waiting until the next day to read about them.
In the 1950s television became popular and nearly every family in the USA had one. People could now see pictures
as well as hear people talk about the news in a live broadcast.
The internet became popular in the 1990s and online newspapers began to replace print copies. Today over half
the adults in the USA get their news from Twitter or Facebook. 10
Q U I Z 2 : H I S T O R Y O F J O U R N A LI S M 2 : 1 6 9 0 - P RE S E N T
Each question is worth two points. There are five questions. You must get four out of five questions correct to pass the quiz.
You can take the quiz as many times as you like. Your highest score will be saved.
>>>> Please note that this quiz can only be completed in Canvas. <<<< 11
L A N G U A G E F O C U S : T A L K I N G AB O U T T H E P A S T
Untitled Image by 200 degrees via Pixabay is licensed under Pixabay license
[Video available online for viewing. Script below.]
Hello, welcome to this language focus lesson on the past tense. We have been talking about the history of
journalism which means, we have been using different forms of the past tense. You watched several
videos, completed a survey, and played a game. While you were watching the videos were you taking notes?
Take a look at those sentences. There are two forms of the past tense being used there, the simple past, and the
past progressive, sometimes called the past continuous. In this lesson, we are going to talk about the structure and
meaning of the simple past and the past progressive. We will also talk about when we should use each of these
forms. Let's start with the simple past. Simple Past
When an action begins and ends in the past, then we use the simple past.
"Simple Past" by FHI 360 is licensed under CC BY 4.0
Example: Before this video, you watched a video, completed a survey and played a game.
We can change most verbs into the past tense simply by adding -ed or just -d to the end of the verb.
For example: played, watched, completed. 12 Irregular Forms
You may notice that there are many verbs that do not take an -ed ending. For example: The technology was not
available to print the news before the Gutenberg press. In this sentence, the verb to be is put in the past. This is an irregular verb
Here is another example. In China, people read the messages from the government called the Dibao. Here, the
verb to read is in the past.
There are about 200 irregular verbs. It is worth memorizing these forms, because many of these verbs are quite common. For example, Base Form Simple Past Form write wrote think thought take took speak spoke
A list of the most common irregular verb forms can be found at the end of this The Past Progressive
The past progressive is formed with either was or were and the -ing form of the verb.
"Past Progressive" by FHI 360 is licensed under CC BY 4.0
For example: While I was watching the video, I was takin g notes.
This means that there was a duration, a period of time, when you were watching and taking notes. Similar to the
simple past, this is an event that began and ended in the past. But with the past progressive, the audience, the
listener or reader, knows that it happened for a longer time, not just a moment.
Combining Past Progressive and Simple Past
Many times, the past progressive and the simple past are used together. For example, I was researching the story when my editor called. 13
"Simple Past and Past Progressive" by FHI 360 is licensed under CC BY 4.0
Here, you can tell that the speaker was researching perhaps for many minutes or hours. The editor called during
that time. We do not know exactly when the editor called, but we know what the speaker was doing at the time.
Here is another example. While many countries were lookin
g for alternatives to gas powered cars, Tesla
introduced the electric automobile. While and When
Notice that while is often used to introduce the past progressive. For example: Whil
e I was watching the video
about the history of journalism, I was taking notes. While many countries were looking for alternatives to gas
powered cars, Tesla introduced the electric automobile.
When is often used with the simple past. For example, I was researching the story when my editor called. Summary
 Actions that start and end in the past use the simple past or present progressive forms.
 Use the past progressive to show what was happening when something else happened.
 Use the simple past if you are just talking about one event that began and ended in the past.
 There are many irregular past forms in English. It is helpful to memorize these
 Use the words while and when to use both forms together. 14
C O M M O N I R R E G U L A R V E R B F O R M S Base Form Past Tense Past Participle 1 Be Was/were Been 2 Become Became Become 3 Begin Began Begun 4 Bend Bent bent 5 Bet Bet Bet 6 Bind Bound Bound 7 Bite Bit Bitten 8 Bleed Bled Bled 9 Blow Blew Blown 10 Break Broke Broken 11 Bring Brought Brought 12 Build Built Built 13 Burn Burnt Burnt 14 Catch Caught Caught 15 Choose Chose Chosen 16 Come Came Come 17 Cost Cost Cost 18 Cut Cut Cut 19 Deal Dealt Dealt 20 Dig Dug Dug 21 Do Did Done 22 Draw Drew Drawn 23 Drink Drank Drunk 24 Dream Dreamt dreamt 25 Drive Drove Driven 26 Eat Ate Eaten 27 Fall Fell Fallen 28 Feed Fed Fed 29 Feel Fell Felt 30 Fight Fought Fought 31 Find Found Found 32 Flee Fled Fled 33 Fly Flew Flown 34 Forbid Forbade Forbidden 35 Forget Forgot Forgotten 36 Forgive Forgave Forgiven 36 Freeze Froze Frozen 38 Get Got Got 39 Give Gave Given 40 Go Went Gone 41 Grow Grew Grown 42 Hang Hung Hung 43 Have Had Had 44 Hear Heard Heard 45 Hide Hid Hidden 46 Hit Hit Hit 15 47 Hold Held Held 48 Hurt Hurt Hurt 49 Keep Kept Kept 50 Kneel Knelt Knelt 51 Know Knew Known 52 Lay Laid laid 53 Leave Left Left 54 Lend Lent Lent 55 Let Let Let 56 Lie Lay lain 57 Light Lit lit 58 Lose Lost Lost 59 Make Made Made 60 Mean Meant Meant 61 Meet Met Met 62 Pay Paid Paid 63 Put Put Put 64 Quit Quit Quit 65 Read Read Read 66 Ride Rode Ridden 67 Rise Rose Risen 68 Run Run Run 69 Say Said Said 70 See Saw Seen 71 Seek Sought Sought 72 Sell Sold Sold 73 Send Sent Sent 74 Set Set Set 75 Sew Sewed Sewn 76 Shake Shook Shaken 77 Shine Shone Shone 78 Shoot Shot Shot 79 Show Showed Shown 80 Shut Shut Shut 81 Sing Sang Sung 82 Sit Sat Sat 83 Sleep Slept Slept 84 Speak Spoke Spoken 85 Spend Spent Spent 86 Spill Spilt Spilt 87 Stand Stood Stood 88 Steal Stole Stolen 89 Swear Swore Sworn 90 Swim Swam Swum 91 Take Took Taken 92 Teach Taught Tught 93 Tear Tore Torn 94 Tell Told Told 95 Think Thought Thought 16
Q U I Z 3 : T A L K I N G A B O UT T H E P A S T
Each question is worth two points. There are five questions. You must get four out of five questions correct to pass the quiz.
You can take the quiz as many times as you like. Your highest score will be saved.
>>>> Please note that this quiz can only be completed in Canvas. <<<< 17
P R I V A T E J O U R N A L 2 : T H E I NT E R R U P T E D P A S T
Important: This is a private journal. It will not be graded or seen by your peers.
Respond to option one or two. Maximum 200 words
Option 1: It was hilarious!
"untitled image" by Callum Shaw via Unsplash under Unsplash license
When is the last time you laughed out loud? What happened? What were you doing when it happened?
Example 1: Last week, I was having coffee with my sister and she showed me a funny video on her phone.
Example 2: This morning, my husband and I were having breakfast when my dog knocked over a chair.
She looked so surprised. Pretty soon we were laughing really hard. When someone laughs, I always laugh too. I can't stop myself.
Option 2: Our Scars Tell a Story
“untitled Image” by Shutterbug75 from Pixabay under Pixabay license
Have you ever had an injury? Did you break a bone? Do you have a scar?
Stories about injuries are a great way to practice using the past simple and the past progressive. Almost always,
these stories involve something that happened quickly and interrupted another action in progress.
Think about a time that you hurt yourself. What were you doing? What happened?
Example 1: A few years ago, I was riding a bicycle.
I wasn't lookin
g where I was going. I rode into a ditch. I fell off
my bicycle and cut my knee. I cut my knee when I was riding my bike.
Example 2: I have a scar on my arm. When I was younger, I worked in a pizza restaurant. One time, I was pulling a
pizza out of the oven and my coworker bumped into me. My arm touched the inside of the oven. I burned my arm.
I burned my arm while I was cooking pizza. 18
D I S C U S S I O N : T H E I NT E R R U P T E D P A S T
>>>> Please note that this activity can only be completed in Canvas. <<<<
Would you like to share the story with your classmates?
Step 1: Copy and paste the story you just wrote.
Step 2: Read your classmates' stories. Did they use the past simple and past progressive correctly? Do you have any recommendations? 19
P R I N C I P L E S O F J O U R N A L I S M 1 : G A T H E R I N G SO U R C E S
Untitled Image by 200 degrees via Pixabay is licensed under Pixabay license
[Video available online for viewing. Script below.] What is a principle?
A principle is a fundamental, very important truth that is the basis of something. So, the principles of journalism
are the things that journalists have to remember to do all the time Gathering Sources
In this lesson, we will discuss principles that are important for journalists to remember when they are gathering
sources or collecting information for their story.
Imagine a journalist is reporting on a car accident. The journalist needs to talk to the people who actually saw the
accident happen. We call these people eyewitnesses When the journalist is talking to these people, they are gathering sources.
When a journalist wants to know more information for a story, they may talk to eyewitnesses, government
officials, or professional experts. They may also go to a library or research online. This is also gathering sources.
Let's talk about some of the important principles that a journalist needs to remember when they are gathering
sources: verification and objectivity.
Principle 1. Verification: verify sources for truth and accuracy
Journalists need to make sure that their information is accurate or true and correct. How can they know if their source is accurate?
Being accurate means always having the correct facts, such as names, dates, and places. When a journalist gathers
sources by speaking to a witness or researching documents, they should always make sure that they write down
the correct information so that it is accurate when they use it in their article.
How can journalists verify a source to know that the information they get is accurate and true?
To start, a journalist can ask themselves these questions:
1. Is this a primary source?
If we consider the car accident, we looked at earlier, an eyewitness is a primary source, while someone
who just heard about the accident is not.
2. Does the source have expert knowledge?
For a car accident, an expert on road safety or an automotive engineer would be a good source of information. 20