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University of Foreign Language Studies –UD
Department of English for Specific Purposes TRANSLATION THEORY: Illustrated Lectures
Compiled by Le Tan Thi, Ph.D. DANANG - 2020 I.
CONCEPTS OF TRANSLATION AND TRANSLATION THEORY (p.4)
(1) “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source
language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language).” ( JC Catford) PRACTICE
Give the target language equivalents to the following books/ films titles. SOURCE LANGUAGES TARGET LANGUAGES “The old man and the sea” - ngư ông và biển cả - Ông già và biển cả “Thorn birds”
- Tiếng chim hót trong bụi mận gai
- Những con chim ẩn mình chờ chết
“Cho tôi một vé đi tuổi thơ”
ticket to childhood/ give me a ticket to childhood Penthouse Cuộc chiến thượng lưu
 Source language is only 1, but target language might have many versions.
(2) “Translation is the process of conveying messages across linguistic and
cultural barriers.” (Ian Tudor)
*LƯU Ý: Language: ngôn ngữ ≠ Linguistic: ngôn ngữ học PRACTICE
Give the target language equivalents to the source language ones. FORMS SOURCE LANGUAGES TARGET LANGUAGES - Ni cô Nun, Buddhist nun, WORD - Black Friday
Thứ sáu đen, ngày hội mua sắm Corona ( covid 19), Delta, omicron - Mời bạn dùng beefsteak Can I help yourself to some PHRASE beefsteak?
- Cho tớ gửi lời thăm bà xã Remember me to your wife! nhé!
(Remember me to sb: used to
ask sb to give your good wishes) SENTENCE/ - We win as one. Chúng ta cùng nhau chiến CLAUSE thắng (The slogan and the formal song of Sea game 30 on philipine)
- Biết mặt mà không biết tên Know sb by sight, not by name
Give the English equivalents to the following Vietnamese kinship terms.`1 VIETNAMESE ENGLISH Ông bà nội/ ngoại
- Ông bà nội: paternal grandparents ( my father’s parents )
- Ông bà ngoại: maternal grandparents ( My mother’s parents)
Chú, bác (anh bố/ mẹ), dượng/ chú
-Uncle, nếu phân chia nội ngoại thì dùng (chồng cô/ chồng dì) paternal, maternal đi kèm -Uncle in law
Cô, thím, mợ ( nội), dì, bác aunt
gái( ngoại)--> (chị bố/ vợ bác trai),
Anh em cột chèo, chị em bạn dâu
Brothers- in- law, sister-in-law
Anh em cùng cha/ mẹ khác mẹ/ cha
- Half-brothers on father-hood/mother - hood - Uterine brothers
Anh em chú bác ruột/ lại/họ, cô cậu cousin ruột/ lại/ họ Vợ kế, vợ bé, vợ cũ
Step-wife, concubine/secondary wife, ex- wife Others
(3) “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the
way that the author intended the text. (Peter Newmark) ” PRACTICE
Give the target language equivalents to the source language ones. SOURCE LANGUAGES TARGET LANGUAGE The two captains Hai thuyền trưởng Captain:
 Ship: thuyền trưởng  Football: đội trưởng  Aircraft: cơ trưởng
 Army: đại úy, chỉ huy An toàn là trên hết
Better safe than sorry (thành ngữ)/ safety first (khẩu hiệu) Vô phận sự miễn vào - Authorized personnel only - Staff only
Rooms are to be vacated by
các phòng phải được trả lại chậm midday at the least: nhất là trước 12h trưa.
Bỏ trống  trả lại
*CHÚ Ý: Phải chú ý “Context” nó ở
đâu? In the reception (in a hotel) Check in: 2 pm Check out: 12pm
In general, translation is the replacement of a text in a source language by
another one in a target language in terms of linguistics, culture or meaning.
As a result, translation theory is methods, procedures (thủ thuật) or principles
(nguyên tắc) for rendering source language texts into target language ones. II.
TRANSLATION (biên dịch) vs INTERPRETATION (phiên dịch) (pp.5-10) TYPES OF TRANSLATION TYPES OF LANGUAGE Translation Written (or Spoken) Interpretation Spoken only
II.1. Three complex tasks of translation & interpretation (p.5)
a. General knowledge
Knowledge about some fields in life; i.e. knowledge of social sciences
(geography, history, literature, economics …) or natural sciences (chemistry,
physics, math, IT …) that are essential for translation. SOCIAL SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCES History Chemistry Geography Physics Language Math Economics IT Culture Biology (…) (…)
Ở Phổ thông: You study on few in life kiến thức phổ thông, 
Sau khi tốt nghiệp phổ thông: You acquire general knowledge.
English for specific: tiếng anh(thuộc) chuyên ngành ( tiếng anh vì mục đích
chuyên ngành, chuyên nghiệp)
b. Cultural knowledge (Refer to Course Book, pp.5-6) PRACTICE
Give the English equivalents to the following expressions. SOURCE LANGUAGES TARGET LANGUAGES
Kính thưa quý vị đại biểu!
- Ladies and Gentlemen, (quý vị)
Kính thưa quý vị khách quý!
- Distinguished guests, (khách quý)
Dear teacher and friends ( thưa cô và chào các bạn)
Kính thưa đại sứ Hoa Kỳ tại VN - His/her/your excellency + His: ông đại sứ + Her: bà đại sứ + Your: nhiều đại sứ
- His/her/your Majesty: speaking
about or to king or queen, tổng thống.
cách gọi này là Đúng nhất khi gọi
kính thưa tổng thống, vua hay nữ hoàng, ng Anh dùng)
Còn ở bên Mỹ, tổng thống hay đại
sứ, thủ tướng đều gọi “excellency”
c. Specific translative/ interpretive skills Language Proficencies TRANSLATION INTERPRETATION Vocabulary (esp. ESP, + + idioms, proverbs, collocation, habit of reading, …) Structure (Verb + + structure: V-ing/ to Inf.; Phrasal verb, 11n syntactic structures…) Methods/ Procedures + + (for translation) Listening skill + (memory, note-taking, summarizing & paraphrasing) Speaking (fluency, + pronunciation … ) REFERENCE: 2 books
- “Basic English Words” by C. K. Ogden
https://readable.com/blog/the-ogden-basic-english-word-list/
(A Hand Book for the English Language Translator (2014:10-13)) PRACTICE
Practice of Vietnamese-English Translation in terms of structures. No VIETNAMESE ENGLISH 1
Một số người là bác sĩ, một số là Some are doctors, and the kỹ sư. other/others are engineer. 2
Một người là bác sĩ, còn những One is a doctor, others are người kia là kỹ sư. engineer. 3
Một số người là bác sĩ, còn chỉ Some are doctors, and another is người kia là kỹ sư. an engineer. 4
Một số người là bác sĩ, một số là Some are doctor, some are
kỹ sư, còn những người kia là engineer, and the other/others are công nhân. worker. 5
Đà Nẵng là thành phố lớn thứ ba Danang is the third largest city in trong cả nước. the country 6
Dân số Nhật Bản gấp đôi (dân Population of Japan is twice as số) Việt Nam. much as that of VN/the Vietnamese one. 7
Vào mùa đông, thời tiết Hà Nội In winter, the weather in Hanoi is lạnh hơn Đà nẵng. colder than that in da nang 8
Một trong hai người là bác sĩ.
Either of them (1 trong 2 người) is a doctor 9
Không ai trong hai họ là bác sĩ.
Neither of them (không ai trong 2 người) is a doctor.
one of them (1 trong 3 người trở lên...) is a doctor. None of them is a doctor/are
Không ai trong họ là bác sĩ
doctors. (khong ai trong họ là bác sĩ)
10 Chẳng có ích gì khi nói chuyện There’s no point (in) talking to với hắn ta. him. It’s no use Ving
11 Không ai không ngưỡng mộ cô Nobody but admire her. ấy.
There is no one but admire her. One can’t but admire her.
12 Lẽ ra hôm qua bạn không nên gọi You shouldn’t have called her cho cô ấy. yesterday.
13 Tôi không chắc, ắt hẵn cô ấy đã I’m not sure, she must have gone. đi rồi.
14 Có thể cô ấy đã hoàn thành dự She could/might have án.
finished/accomplished the project.
15 Tôi sẽ hoàn thành khóa học ngay I will have finished this course by truoc tháng năm, năm sau. May, next year. …. vao thang nam, nam sau. I will finish …
16 Mời bạn dùng món beef steak Can I help yourself to some beefsteak?
17. Học sinh lớp này nhiều gấp 3 lần Students in this class are 3 học sinh của lớp kia.
times/triple as much as the other’s one.
Thức giả định (Subj… mood) : might/must have V3 (giong cau dk loai 3, thuc kh
co that trong qua khu, trai vs qk)
Thức chỉ định (indicative mood): Have + V3 ( thuc co that trong ht, qk, tg lai) REFERENCE
- A Hand Book for the English Language Translator (2014:14-53). 630 verbal utterances
Những từ vựng thg mại, về tất cả các lĩnh vực trong đời sống, tự down về tìm hiểu, đọc PRACTICE
Practice of English- Vietnamese translation in terms of the statement “Translation
and interpretation involves ideas, not words”. No ENGLISH VIETNAMESE 1
An ambitious person is Người có hoài bão luôn nguyện
committed to improving his phấn đấu vì sự nghiệp. status at work.
Tham vọng (negative sense)
KHÁC với Hoài bão (positive
To committe to Ving sth: cam kết sense) làm gì Be commited to Ving
Ex: famous KHÁC notorious for
= infamous (well known for being
KHÁC với promise: hứa hẹn, tần bad) xuất nó khác 2
Airport tax is not included in the
price of fare and must be paid Thuế sân bay không nằm trong
locally on the arrival or giá vé mà phải được thanh toán departure.
tại ga lúc đến hoặc lúc đi
Locally = terminal: ga (máy bay)
domestic terminal (ga nội địa) và
international terminal (ga quốc tế). 3
It is estimated that there are 4 or Ước tính rằng cứ mỗi một ng
5 people affected by every nghiện rượu thì sẽ tác động/ảnh
alcoholic - many are children and hưởng đến 4-5 người - đa phần là teenagers.
trẻ em và thanh thiếu niên.
Gia đình nc ngoài: nuclear family ( 3-4 người).
Vậy còn ng thứ 5, ở đâu ra? Là trẻ
con hàng xóm sống gần nhà, chúng cg bị ảnh hưởng. 4
There are necessary inequalities Nhất thiết phải có sự khác biệt về
in the roles but the people are vị trí trong xh Nhưng mn phải dc
supposed to be equally đảm bảo quyền bình đẳng trc guaranteed under the law. pháp luật In this case: Necessary = inevitable = unavoidable 5
The only way to eliminate world Cách duy nhất để loại bỏ chủ
terrorism is by united opposition
nghĩa khủng bố thế giới là đoàn
kết/hợp lực để chống lại. 6
Pho originated in the early 20th Phở có nguồn gốc từ miến Bắc
century in northern VN. Because Việt Nam vào đầu thế kỷ 20. Vì
pho’s origins are poorly tài liệu về nguồn gốc của phở còn
documented, there is significant sờ sài/hạn hẹp nên ít nhiều có sự
disagreement over the cultural bất đồng về sự ảnh hưởng/bình
influences that led to its diện văn hóa, điều này đã dẫn đến
development in VN, as well as sự phổ biến và nguồn gốc của từ the etymology of the world “Phở” ở VN. 7
Little minds are tamed and Những kẻ tầm thường/kẻ thiếu
subdued by misfortune; but great hiểu biết/kẻ yếu kém luôn dễ bị số minds rise above it.
phận chi phối và định đoạt nhưng
những người có hiểu biết rộng thì sẽ có thể vượt qua. *Embodiment 8
It has been my experience that Theo kinh nghiệm của tôi thì
anyone who went to a single sex những ai từng tốt nghiệp ở trường
school has finished with a severe đơn giới đều thiếu trầm trọng kỹ
lack of social interaction skills năng tương tác xã hội với người with the other sex. khác giới. 9
CEO Nadella from Microsoft Theo tổng giám đốc điều hành của
“We need to believe in the doanh nghiệp Microsoft: chúng ta
impossible and remove the cần tin vào những điều không thể
và loại bỏ những điều không thiết improbable” thực.
10 Money is not the end but means
Tiền không phải là cứu cánh của
cuộc đời mà là phương tiện.
11 During the oil refinery strike, Trong suốt quá trình đình công của
there was enormous petrol queue. nhà máy lọc dầu, Đã có nhiều dòng
xe dài/hàng đàn xe chờ đổ xăng.
12 Collocation is the way words hợp ngữ/phối ngữ là phương thức
combine in a language to kết hợp những từ ngữ trong một
produce natural-sounding speech ngôn ngữ để tạo ra diễn ngôn (lối
hành văn và cách diễn đạt ngôn
and writing. For example, In ngữ) một cách tự nhiên.
English you say strong wind but Chẳng hạn như, trong tiếng anh, heavy rain.
người ta nói “strong wind (gió lớn)”
nhưng lại nói “heavy rain ( mưa to)”
13 A saint was asked “What is an Khi được hỏi “cơn giận dữ là gì”, anger”.
ngài đã trả lời một cách triết lý như
He gave a beautiful answer: “ It thế này “ đó chính là hình phạt dành
is a punishment we give to cho cho bản thân/chính mình vì lỗi lầm của người khác.”
ourselves, for somebody else’s mistake.”
14 The date on Tuesday, february Thứ ba, ngày 22 tháng 2 năm 2022
22th 2022 will be both được coi là ngày đối xứng 2 chiều
“palinedrome” and “an lẫn chiều ngang và chiều dọc ambigram”.
Là ngày mà cách đọc giống nhau
dù đọc từ trái sang phải, từ trên
The date will read the same from xuống dưới hoặc ngược lại.
left to right and vice versa or upside down or vice versa.
15 Love doesn’t require 2 people Cách 1: “Tình yêu không
look at each other but that they phải/không nhất thiết đòi hỏi/không
look together in the same chỉ là 2 nguoi nhìn vào nhau mà là nhìn cùng một hướng.” direction (Antoine de saint exupery)
Cách 2: “Yêu không phải để chỉ
ngồi nhìn nhau mà còn là nhìn về 1 hướng.” Translation is betrayal.
Literal (denotational): biểu thị
Figurative (connotational): biểu hiện
II.2. Four basic types of translation & interpretation (p.7) TYPES TRANSLATION INTERPRETATION
- Prepared at home/ in class and then being
Prepared translation corrected (in class) (Soạn dịch)
- for contract, project, memorandum, certificate of
birth/ merit/ graduation, transcript record (học bạ), invitation…
- Learn to read ahead while translation (prediction,
Sight translation speculation)
- for emails, familiar documents … Consecutive
- Specialskills: listening interpretation & note-taking memory, repeating, summarizing Simultaneous
- Training: synonyms, interpretation paraphrasing, different
voices, accents & speed Requirements:
+ Special & disciplined training
+ Taking courses over & over again for credit
Prepared translation
GIẤY MỜI (INVITATION) REFERENCE https://www.google.com/search?
q=samples+of+invitations+to+a+party&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=yonzD
u-FStWd1M%253A%252C5kzP8pAa3NhkfM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kTu3_EsYGYEDhhUz38NqV6721JLTA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6z5--
293oAhXVdd4KHSWlD3kQ9QEwB3oECAoQJw#imgrc=yonzDu-FStWd1M
Sight translation
Fill in the spaces with suitable words or expressions:
A doctor who worked in a village was very (annoyed/ angry)………………..
because many people used to stop him in the street and ask his advice. In this way,
he was never paid for his (1)……………….. and he never managed to earn much
money. He (2)……………….. his mind to put an end to this. One day, he was
stopped by a young man who said to him “Oh, doctor, I’m so glad to see you. I’ve
got a severe pain in my left side.” The doctor (3)……………….. to be interested
and said, “Shut your eyes and (4)……………….. your tongue out of your
mouth.” Then he went away, leaving the man standing in the street with his
tongue hanging out (5)……………….. and a large (6)……………….. of people laughing at him. I.
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE (pp.11-13)
“No language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture; and no
culture of natural language. Language, then, is the heart within the body of
culture, and it is the interaction between the two that results in the continuation of life – energy.”
VIETNAMESE CUISINE REFERENCE
A Hand Book for the English Language Translator (2014:300-303)
1. Nước chấm (sauce, paste, jam) + Structure Types
Sauce (washy) Paste , Spices
(thicker)/ Jam fish/ shrimp/ soya sauce/ paste/ jam (spiced) with ginger/ chili (Pre-)modifier Head (Post-)modifier PRACTICE
Match the Vietnamese kinds of sauce or paste with the English equivalents. No Vietnamese L English 1 nước mắm a shrimp paste 2 mắm tôm b soybean jam 3 mắm ruốc c soya sauce 4 mắm kho quẹt d fish sauce 5 xì dầu e soya cheese 6 Chao f stew pork & shrimp dip 7 Tương g oyster sauce 8 dầu hào h shrimp and fish paste 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 REFERENCE
https://tienganhonline.com/tu-vung/tu-vung-theo-chu-de/35-tu-vung-tieng-anh- chu-de-gia-vi/
Match the Vietnamese spices with their English equivalents. A Vietnamese L English N 1 gừng a Chilli 2 tỏi b Lime 3 ớt c curry powder 4 tiêu d cooking oil 5 muối tiêu e monosodium glutamate (MSG) 6 giấm f five-spice powder 7 Chanh g Shallot 8 hạt nêm h sesame oil 9 bột ngọt i peper salt 10 hành lá j Ketchup 11 hành tím k Mustard 12 sả l Garlic 13 tương cà m olive oil 14 tương ớt n Vietnamese caramel sauce 15 mù tạt o Vinegar 16 dầu ăn/ nấu p pasta sauce 17 dầu mè q spring/green onion 18 bột nghệ r Mayonnaise 19 ngũ vị hương s Pepper 20 bột cà ri t chili sauce 21 dầu ô liu u Lemongrass 22 sốt cà chua nấu mì Ý v turmeric powder 23 xốt mayonnaise x Ginger 24 nước màu w Seasoning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
2. Cá (fish) + Structure Cuisine Types Fish + braised/ caramel,
flying, cat, goat, butter, Fish grilled, fried, steamed, sail, blue smoked African … Carp Snakehead Mullet (-) salmon, tuna, sardin, shark, eel (Pre-)modifier Classifier Head PRACTICE
Match the Vietnamese fish dishes and sea food with the English equivalents. AN Vietnamese LN English 1 cá da trơn / tra/ trê i sailfish 2 cá chình ii snakehead/ mullet 3 cá chuồn Iii
black-banded kingfish/ trevally 4 cá phèn iv Anabas 5 cá quả/tràu/ lóc/ chuối v Scad 6 cá diêu hồng/ rô phi vi Tuna 7 cá rô vii Sole 8 cá bớp viii Sardin 9 cá chim ix Catfish 10 cá cờ x Shark 11 cá hồi xi cod(fish)/ mackerel 12 cá cu xii goby/ gudgeon 13 cá đuối xiii African carp/ red tilapia 14 cá thu xiv hemibagrus 15 cá bạc má xv Mullet 16 cá ngừ xvi crucian (carp) 17 cá mú xvii ray, skate 18 cá lưỡi trâu/ bơn xviii Anchovy 19 cá mòi xix (red) snapper 20 cá nhám xx salmon 21 cá bống xxi Eel 22 cá lăng xxii cyprinid/ Carp 23 cá gáy/ chép xxiii Goatfish 24 cá cơm xxv Grouper 25 cá nục/ cá sòng xxiv blue fish/ scad 26 cá đối xxvi Butterfish 27 cá giếc xxvii Cobia
28 cá hồng/ chỉ vàng/ cá hanh xxviii flying fish 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 N Vietnamese L English 1 tôm bạc a Prawn 2 tôm bể b jumbo shrimp steam in beer 3 tôm sú c field/ fresh water crab 4 tôm lột d salted fried crab 5 tôm chiên bột e
thin crab (little meat, no fat) 6 tôm hấp bia f soft shell crab 7 tôm rim mặn g white shrimp 8 tôm hùm h shell-fish/ oyster 9 cua rang muối i arca/ shell 10 cua bể/ ghẹ j
fried (butterfly) shrimp/ prawn 11 cua đồng k mussel/ shell 12 cua gạch l salty-simmerd shrimp 13 cua chắc (thịt) m barnacle/oyster 14 cua lột/rẽ/ dẽ n sea/ salt-water crab 15 cua óp/ nước o sea shrimp 16 nghêu/ ngao p pearl oyster/ mussel 17 Sò q Lobster 18 ốc/ chip chip r fat crab (with liver pancreas) 19 hến s shell-fish 20 Hàu t molting shrimp 21 Don u Oyster 22 Trai v meaty crab 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Match the Vietnamese cuisines with the English equivalents. No Vietnamese L English 1 cá kho a caramel fish 2 kho tộ b fish finger 3 Chiên c braised fish 4 hấp d steamed fish 5 Viên e grilled/ fried fish 1 2 3 4 5
Match the Vietnamese fish types with the English equivalents. No Vietnamese L English 1 cá đóng hộp a dried fish 2 cá khô b ornamental fish 3 cá ướp c canned/ tinned fish 4 cá ươn d salt-water/sea fish 5 cá đông lạnh e spoiled fish 6 cá cảnh f freshwater/ river fish 7 cá sông/ nước ngọt g brackish fish 8 cá biển h preserved fish 9 cá nước lợ i frozen fish 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3. Thịt (meat) + Structure Cuisine Types Meat Shapes
stewed, roast(ed), minced/ chopped, beef, veal, pork, barbecued, rare, shoulder cut, lean chicken, duck, braised, caramel & fat, salted & turkey, sheep dried dog/ cat/ snake Meat (-) fillet, bacon (-) (Pre-)modifier Head (Post-)modifer Meat balls, cubes (modifier) (head)
Give English equivalents to the following Vietnamese cuisine. No Vietnamese L English 1 Băm a salted & dried meat 2 thăn, nạt b stuffed 3 ba chỉ c rare beef 4 ba rọi d fillet 5 nạm e caramel 6 thái hạt lựu f veal/ beef stew 7 muối g rump steak 8 kho khô h minced/ chopped meat 9 rim mặn i Ham 10 ninh, hầm j Bacon 11 xiên nướng k meat balls 12 tái/ lòng đào l lean & fat meat 13 nhồi m shoulder cut 14 sống/ tươi n meat cubes 15 dăm bông o roast/ barbecued meat 16 thịt mông p half-lean & half-fat meat 17 thịt vai q frozen/ raw meat 18 thịt sườn r Chinese braised pork 19 thịt viên s flank meat 20 thịt cừu t meat on the bone 21 kho tàu u Lamb 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Give English equivalents to the following Vietnamese flavors/ tastes. No Vietnamese L English 1 Cay A Sour 2 đắng B flat/unsavory 3 Chua C Salty 4 chua cay D Fat 5 nhạt E Bitter 6 Béo F Sweet 7 mặn G hot/ peppery 8 ngọt H Acrid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4. Đậu (beans) cô ve French Ván Broad đen/ đỏ black/red Bean Hà Lan Green Tây Kidney Đũa Chinese pea/cowpea lạc pea/ground/ earth Nut điều Cashew hũ/ khuôn Soya Cake (Pre-)modifier Head
5. Rau (Vegetables/ Greens) rau sạch Fresh vegetable/ greens rau sống raw rau lang sweet potato Buds bông bí pumpkin súp lơ cauli- Flower rau cần (-) Cress cải xoong water- Hung mint Leaves cà pháo egg- Plant (Pre-)modifier Head PRACTICE
Give English equivalents to the following Vietnamese vegetables. No Vietnamese L English 1 rau muống a cabbage 2 rau thơm b pennywort 3 cải bắp c basil 4 rau cần tây d dill 5 húng quế e bindweed/ water morning glory 6 rau má f persicaria 7 mồng tơi g fennel/ dill 8 rau răm h celery 9 rau mùi i malabar nightshade 10 thì là j perilla nankinensis 11 tía tô k green banana 12 tần ô/ cải cúc l coriandrum sativum 13 Ngò m coriander/ chinese parsley 14 chuối chát n edible chrysanthemum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
6. Rượu (Alcohol) nếp fermented glutinous/ sticky rice nếp cẩm red glutinous rice Wine thuốc tonic/ medicinal vang red đế/ trắng/ gạo Vietnamese (rice) liquor/ whisky Mùi Liqueur (Pre-)modifier Head NOTES
wine (an alcoholic drink made from grape/fruit); brandy (strong alcoholic; grape,
apple/fruit, flower/ plant), cognac (a kind of brandy, strong alcoholic from white
grape); whisky (strong alcoholic, malted grain,); chivas (strong alcoholic, malted
grain, mixture of whisky); gin (from grain mixed with tonic/ fruit juice); liquor
(strong alcoholic)/ alcohol); champagne (a French sparkling white wine (= one
with bubble) that is drunk on special occassions); sake/ saki (a Japanese alcoholic
drink made from rice); rum (a strong alcoholic drink made from juice of sugar cane)
http://vforum.vn/diendan/showthread.php?83023-Chivas-Gin-Cognac-Whisky- Brandy-la-ruou-gi-
Give English equivalents to the following Vietnamese alchol. No Vietnamese L English 1 rượu nho a tonic wine 2 rượu nho trắng b vintage (wine) 3 rượu bổ c Appetizer 4 rượu hổ cốt d Cognac 5 rượu khai vị e tiger-bone wine 6 rượu mùi/ ngọt f Brandy 7 rượu mạnh/ nồng g absolute alcohol 8 rượu nguyên chất h liqueur =/= liquor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7. Giải khát (Refreshment) white black roasted with(out) ice robusta coffee arabica [take-away/ take-out, [to go] =/= here shipping] Milk tea (Pre-)modifier (Pre-)modifier (Post-)modifier
apple/ lemon/ orange/ sugar cane Juice
lemonade, orangeade (Pre-)modifier Head
PROBLEMS OF EQUIVALENCE (P. 12-13) (P. 12) IDIOMS, PROVEBS
Like father, like son (equivalence)
The more you go, the more you learn!
“Travelling means education” Easy come, easy go!
FOUR TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE
(1) Linguistic equivalence I love you, Ngo ai ni
(2) Paradigmatic equivalence Bear (bore, born/ borne)
I <-> gave <-> Mary <-> the <-> book. I passed I handed I threw =/= : syntagmatic
(3) Stylistic (Translational) equivalence
+ Metaphor (hot line/ boy/ girl; cold war)
+ Simile (as white as snow ) (P. 13)
(4) Textual (Syntagmatic) equivalence : Italian (P.12)
“John is leading his dog around the threshing floor”
<=> “John is beating about the bush”
<=> “Đi lạc đề” See you later. ? ( Ok nhé)
The utterance was correct, wasn’t it? (nhỉ) You are going home ( ? ) ư
You like it, right? (à)
You must take it, certainly?(chứ)
Semantic features of the mood disjuncts “à, ư, nhỉ, nhé, chứ” and their
English translational equivalents 1. “ ” used to denote à + Interrogation
a. Anh mệt rồi à?
b.You are tired, aren’t you? + Exclamatory nuance
a. Cậu muốn mua thịt à!
b. So you want to buy meat?
1. “ư” used to indicate
+ Interrogative statement
a. Bây giờ các hàng ăn đã đóng cửa, chúng ta đều nhịn đói ư?
b. Now the restaurants are all closed. Must we consent to endure
going hungry? (Inquiry)
2. “nhỉ” used to imply
+ Intimateness interrogation
a. Có lẽ hôm nay đã là mồng hai, mồng ba tây rồi, mình nhỉ?
b. Today is the 2nd or 3rd day of the month, isn’t it, dear?
+ “Self-inquiry” interrogation
a. Trời ơi, mình đã nói gì nhỉ?
b. Oh, my God, I don’t know what I was talking about.
3. “nhé” used to express + Intimateness
a. Thôi mình về nhé!
b. That’s all, I’m leaving home, all right? + Suggestion
a. Anh đứng đấy chờ tôi nhé!
b. Stand here and wait for me, won’t you? + Commitment
a. Mẹ gật đầu là đồng ý rồi đấy nhé!
b. Great! You nodded your head, it means agreement, right? + Advice
a. Con phải cố gắng học cho tốt nhé.
b. You will do your best at school, right?
4. “chứ” used to express + Confirmation
a. Anh vẫn khoẻ chứ? Công việc tốt chứ? Gia đình vẫn ở đó chứ?
b. You are still fine, right
? The work is good, right ? Your house is
still there, right? + Emphasis
a. Anh có đi chơi không?- Có chứ!
b. Are you going for a walk?- Yes, certainly! + Requirement/ Reminder a. Khẽ mồm chứ!
b. Not so loud, dear! + Objection
a. Đồng hồ Seiko của Thụy Sỹ tốt lắm phải không? Đồng hồ Seiko là
của Nhật chứ!
b. The Seiko watch from Switzerland is very good, isn’t it? Seiko is a Japanese watch!
English Equivalent Forms of Some Vietnamese Mood Disjuncts
English Translational Equivalents Vietnamese Mood Disjuncts à ư nh Nh chứ ỉ é Right? + - - + + All right! - - - + - All right? - - - + - Of Course - - - - + Certainly! - - - - + Ok! - - - + - Ok? - - - + - Yes-No Question + - + + + Tag Question + - + + + Exclamation Mark + - + + + Statement - - + + - Interrogative statement + + + + +
Once the principle is accepted that sameness cannot exist between two languages,
it becomes possible to approach the question of loss and gain in the translation process
(…) what is lost in the transfer of a text from SL to TL whilst ignoring what can
also be gained, for the translator can at times enrich or clarify the SL text as a
direct result of the translation process.
Moreover, what is often seen as “lost” from the SL context may be replaced in the TL context. Advertising Slogans
The World’s local bank (HSBC)
(Ngân hàng toàn cầu, am hiểu địa phương)
UNTRANSLATABILITY (P. 15)
Catford distinguishes two types of untranslatability, which he terms linguistic and cultural. On the linguistic
level, untranslatability occurs when there is no lexical
or syntactical substitute in the TL for an SL item. Syntactic Barriers
- Con ông cháu cha (=/= born with silver spoon in the mouth) - Mẹ tròn con vuông - Sáng đón chiều đưa - Chăn êm nệm ấm - Không ít thì nhiều - Nam thanh nữ tú: - Tối lửa tắt đèn - Ăn trên ngồi trước - Cao chạy xa bay - Mặt dạn mày dày
No Lexical equivalence
+ áo dài? (Vietnamese traditional dress/ costume) + Hoahaoism + dog meat 1. Art & Culture
Classical theatre/ opera in the North Chèo popular/ in the North traditional Tuồng Classical theatre/ opera in the North Hát bội (tuồng) Classical in Binh Dinh Cải lương Reformed (in the South) Hát quan họ (duo of) love In Bac Ninh Hát đối repartee’s Hát ả đào (Vietnamese) geisha’s song Ca huế Classical in Hue Hát chèo đò ferry (in Hue) Bài chòi Traditional in a hut (in Central Part) Hát ví dặm repartees’ in Nghe Tinh Hát xoan folk song/ballad in Phu Tho (Pre-)modifier Head (Post-) modifier
Ca trù: ceremonial/ festival song
Hát xẩm: (strolling) blind musician’s song Ca dao: folk verse Hát nhép: lip synch
Florence Mason & Robert Storey (Guide Book)
Pho (beef noodle soup, chicken soup with rice noodle),
Hat boi (classical theatre in the South of Central Vietnam) Cheo (popular theatre)
Tuong (classical theatre in the North)
NH Viet Tien, Elizabeth Hodgkin, Huu Ngoc, Mary Cowan
(Translator’s Handbook)
Cai luong (renovated opera) / reformed opera Cheo (popular opera)
Tuong (classical opera) =/= ballet
Pho (rice noodle soup with beef/chiken)
Dang Chan Lieu, Le Kha Ke, Pham Duy Trong
Pho (noodle soup)
Cai luong (reformed theatre)
Tuong (classical drama)
Cheo (traditional operetta) Play? Ly Quy Trung
Pho (Vietnamese Pho Noodle) Canh (broth = soup)
Mien (vermicelli)
Bún: Hue noodle served with beef and pork
Hủ tiếu, cao lầu, bún, mì quảng, banh canh (noodle) Wonton
(A kind of ) noodle served with roast pork
2. Ẩm thực sợi (noodle cuisines) Cusine Types Serve/ Cooking phở Northern/ noodle (soup) with (rare) beef/ (Vietnamese pho) chicken miến Vermicelli with chicken Bún Hue Noodle with (rare) beef/ pork mì Quảng Quang Noodle with shrimp & meat/ chicken/ freshwater fish cao lầu Hoi An pasta/ spaghetti with roasted/ fried pork hủ tiếu Southern Noodle with chopped pork/ shrimp/ (sau’té) beef/ (Pre-)modifier Head (Post modifier -)
Hue noodle (soup) with (rare) beef/ pork, Northern Vermicelli with chicken, Quang
spaghetti/ pasta/ with roasted/ fired pork 3. Bánh Bánh Shape Cuisine Types Services nậm Steamed rice pancake with shrimp Xèo rice pancake with shrimp, meat, (soya bean) sprout Canh rice with shrimp, spaghetti/ crab and meat pasta Ít sweetened Chưng square Glutinous/ Tét cy’lindrical sticky rice Ú py’ramidal cake Pastry Custard (Pre-)modifier Head (Post)modifier
+ Bánh bao (dumpling), bánh bao - bánh vạc (white rose), bánh bèo (bloating fern-
shaped cake), nậm (steamed rice pancake with shrimp), lọc (tapi’oca starch with
shrimp), ướt (steamed thin rice pancake), ram ít canh (glutinous rice cake), (rice
spaghetti cooked with shrimp, crab and meat), bánh xèo (rice pancake fold in half
(filled with shrimp, meat, soya bean sprout), Vietnamese crepe),
+ đậu lạc, đậu xanh, đậu đỏ, đậu đen … + Chè (
), chè 3 màu (rainbow ice with cononut sweetened porridge/ sweet soup milk) xôi, + cake, pie,
+ Bánh bông lan (sponge cake), bánh tro (glutinous rice cake flour dipped in lye),
bánh trôi (floating cake?), bánh trung thu (moon cake/ mid-Autumn festival pie),
bánh ú (pyramidal/4 cornered glutinous rice dumpling/ cake), do(ugh)nut,
bánh chưng (square glutinous/ sticky rice cake), bánh tét (cylindric glutinous/
sticky rice cake (filled with green bean paste and fat pork) bánh cốm (green/ fresh rice cake flake
), bánh cuốn (steamed rolled rice pancake), bánh đậu xanh (green
bean cake), bánh hỏi (fine rice vermicelli/steamed rolls made of rice-flour), bánh ít
(sweetened glutinous rice cake), bánh kẹp (pancake), bánh tôm (crisp shrimp
pastry), bò kho (stewed beef cubes (with bread), curry gà (chicken curry)
+ Cháo lòng (porridge with in’testine) Paraphrase Fruits & flowers 4. Fruit
na (sugar/ custard apple), dứa (pine apple), điều (cashew apple), roi (roseapple),
vú sửa (milk apple)khế (star fruit), bưởi (grape fruit), mít (jack fruit), (dragon
fruit) chanh dây (passion fruit), Na sugar/ custard dứa pine- điều Cashew Apple vú sửa Milk Roi rose- bưởi Grape fruit chanh dây* Passion Me Tamarind (fruit) chôm chôm hairy Litchi dưa hấu Water Melon mướp đắng* Bitter Melon (Pre-)modifier Head
+ na (sugar/ custard apple), dứa (pine apple), điều (cashew apple), roi (roseapple),
khế (star fruit =/= Adam’s apple), (milk apple), vú sửa
+ bưởi (grape fruit) (tamarind (fruit) , + (grape), nho (raisin), nho khô
nhãn (longan), hạnh (almond), bơ (avo’cado), phật
thủ (Buddha’s hand), lê (pear), plum (mận), đào (peach), anh đào(cherry), đu đủ
(pa’paya, pa’paw, ‘pawpaw), quýt (mandarin(e), chôm chôm (hairy litchi), xoài
(mango), dâu tây (strawberry), dâu ta (black berry), ổi (guava), sầu riêng (durian),
mâm xôi/ phúc bồn tử (raspberry), mơ/ mai (apricot),
+ mướp đắng (bitter melon/ gourd) + giầm (preserve) + chanh dây (passion fruit) 5. Flowers hướng dương sun- Flower phượng Flame Đào Peach mận Plum Blossom Mai Apricot huệ tây Sword Lily lay ơn (-) hồng (-) Rose huệ ta tube- violet Violet Tulip Tulip pan-xê Pansy ăng ti gôn Antigonon (Pre-)modifier Head
hướng dương (sunflower), phượng (flame flower/ flamboyan), huệ tây/ loa kèn
(madonna) lily), lay ơn (sword lily/ gladiolus), đào (peach blossom), mận (plum blossom), mai blossom (apricot ), huệ ta rose (tube
), tím (violet), tuy-líp (tulip),
pan-xê (pansy), ăng ti gôn (antigonon), sen (lotus) phong lan (orchid), nhài
(jasmine), hoa trà (camellia), (phyllo cactus grandis), quỳnh mẫu đơn (peony), mộc
lan (magnolia), cẩm chướng (carnation), cẩm quỳ (mallow), cúc (chrysanthemum),
cẩn/ dâm bụt (hibiscus), sứ (frangipani/frangipane), đồng tiền (gerbera), giấy
(bougainvillea), hải đường (thea amplexicaulis), mào gà (celosia cristata lin), súng
(nenuphar), sim (rhodomyrtus tomentosa), tầm xuân (eglantine), thủy tiên
(narsissus), thược dược (dahlia), vạn thọ (tagetes patula) ….
METHODS & PROCEDURES OF TRANSLATION
“Translation methods relate to whole text”, on the other hand, translation
procedures (or strategies
) are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.” Peter Newmark (1988). (p.17-18) 1. TRANSLATION METHODS METHODS NOTES EXAMPLES
Word-for-word translation Transferring SL word order “Give me a ticket to as well as the primary childhood” meanings of all words; normally effective for brief simple neutral sentences.
Literal translation SL grammatical “Love story” constructions are converted “Flat World”
to their nearest TL; normally “Remember to send me a the same unit of language in letter.” SL
Faithful translation uncompromising and “The old man and the sea” dogmatic
Semantic translation aesthetic value, “Ticket to childhood” (compromising on “Gone with the wind”
‘meaning’, flexible or - agent orange creative)
Free translation Prolix/ paraphrastic “Thorn bird” translation “In the golden sun”
Idiomatic translation
focus on idiomatic meaning; - to tell a white lie
(lively, ‘natural’ translation) - Don’t forget to send me a letter.
Communicative translation
for communicative purposes, “The two captains” (acceptable and comprehensible to the readership)
Adaption translation
SL culture converted to TL “Wuthering heights” culture
“Người tình mùa đông”
2. TRANSLATION PROCEDURES No PROCEDURES NOTES EXAMPLES 1 Transference/
Transliteration/ transcription Harvey + fair play, internet, Calque (2000, p.5) Hollywood, MC 2 Naturalization
adapts the SL word first to the normal + cà phê, mít tin, buýt
pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. 3 Cultural
replacing a cultural word in the SL with a + Don Juan (Sở khanh) equivalent TL one + Taxi-motorbike 4 Functional
combination between SL’s & TL’s culture + The White House equivalent & language 5 Descriptive
the meaning of translated words is + Samurai (the equivalent explained in several words Japanese aris’tocracy (noble) from the eleventh to the nineteenth century” 6 Componential
demonstrating first their common and
+ Brother, sister (anh, analysis
then their differing sense components chị, em); sibling 7 Synonymy
It is a "near TL equivalent." when literal “Biết mặt mà không
translation is impossible. Here economy biết tên”, “Give youself trumps accuracy. little rewards” 8
Translation label
provisional (temporary) translation: Harvard is one of the 8
new institunonal term, in inverted universities of Ivy
commas (quotation) League (Harvard là 1 trong 8 đại học thuộc “Liên đoàn Ivy”) 9 Modulation
- the TL text in conformity with the + Tôi đi photocopy tài current norms of the TL liệu. - passive => active 10 Recognized
normally uses the official or the + “Cục sở hữu trí tuệ translation
generally accepted translation of any Việt Nam” => institutional term." “National Office of Intellectual Property”. 11 Compensation
loss of meaning in one part of a sentence The mayor of Dannang is compensated in another part City 12 Paraphrase
much more detailed than that Cô, thím, mợ, dì, bác
of descriptive equivalent.
gái (chị bố/ vợ bác trai) 13
Notes/ Additions/ additional information in a translation Hanoi – the capital of Glosses Vietnam 14 Reduction
omission of a word from an expression, An toàn là trên hết ; Vô
not essential for understanding phận sự miễn vào; 15 Expansion
the use of a greater number of words in A cookery book
TL than in SL”; descriptive way of entitled “Taste of India” translating an expression 16 Through-
literal translation of common + Black market => chợ translation
collocations, names of organizations đen + Vietnam National University-HCMC 17 Provisional + Black Friday translation + Eye-catching 18 Shifts/ See below Transpositions 19 Couplets
two or more different procedures
COMMUNICATIVE & SEMANTIC TRANSLATION (P. 19 - 20) (Pls refer to P. 48)
TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR (P. 21 - 22) (P. 21)
1. Reproducing the same image in the TL “ ” ray of hope X ray
“His life hangs on a thread”: “Hot line” Frequency of language use Playboy =/=
Lexicology (word formation/ word structure) Ipod Air Force One
Semantic & Communicative Translation:
+ Though it is becoming increasingly easy to move from place to place, our
inability to communicate with one another, gives rise to numerous
misunderstandings and makes real contact between people of different nationalities impossible.
+ Electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for granted
nowadays that we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the radio.
+ It is odd that some Vietnamese students studying abroad do not realise that every
situation beyond formal education in the classroom, no matter how trivial or
negative, can be an educational experience, broadening one’s humanity and understanding of the world. THE TRANSLATION OF
PROPER NAMES & INSTITUTIONAL &
CULTURAL TERMS (P. 23 - 26) (P. 24) The (Vice) President of SRV
Prime Minister/ Premier (ex-PM = former, late; acting = ‘interim) Deputy PM
General Department of Statistics/ Meteo’rology & Hy’drology Institute of Economics General Secretary of CPV
HCM Communist Youth Union, HCM Pioneers’ Organization Chairwoman of NAV
GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Central Vietnam
Western Highlands, (Plateau) General Hospital Perfume River Vietnam Airlines
Beauty queen =/= beautiful queen
University, college, faculty, department
Vietnam National University-Hanoi
College of Foreign Languages
Vietnam National University-HCMC
Vietnam National University-Hanoi
Le Quy Don School for Gifted Students
Le Quy Don Gifted School Thanh Nien Newspaper Online
Lao Dong Daily/ Weekly/ Monthly …
THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT (PP. 38 - 22) Text Style (P. 38)
Stylistic Scale (PP. 38-39)
Give my regards to your mum and dad. Remember me to …
The Vietnamese are the Children of fairy and dragon in accordance with legend The Sun/ The Lucky God The Two Captains
THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT (PP. 38 - 22) Text Style (P. 38)
Stylistic Scale (PP. 38-39)
Give my regards to your mum and dad. Remember me to …
LEXICOLOGY (WORD FORMATION/ WORD STRUCTURE/ FIELD OF SEMANTICS) Ring/ belt/ orbital road
Day dreamer = high-flier/ down-to-earth man =/= practical/ pragmatic
ESP : English for Specific Purposes
“Don’t judge by appearances” Corona (Latin) = crown
F (Filia, Polish): next generation, sub-branch
(Latin): filius (= son), filia (daughter)
F1 (in biology) first filial generation (THE END)