lOMoAR cPSD| 47886956
UNIT 7: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
( Drill 2 – Grammar 1)
A. GRAMMAR: Complex sentences with adverb clauses of time (Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian) 1 . Complex sentences -
Câu phức là câu bao gồm 1 mệnh đề độc lập (independent clause) và ít nhất 1 mệnh đề phụ thuộc
(dependent clause) liên kết với nhau. Hai mệnh đề thường được nối với nhau bởi dấu phẩy hoặc các liên từ
phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions).
E.g. My father always takes time to play with me even though he is very busy. Mệnh đề độc lập
Mệnh đề phụ thuộc Hoặc:
Even though my father is very busy, he always takes time to play with me.
Mệnh đề phụ thuộc Mệnh đề độc lập -
Trong câu phức, chúng ta thường gặp một số dạng mệnh đề phụ thuộc phổ biến sau: mệnh đề trạng
ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân lý do (adverb clause of reason), mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian (adverb clause of time),
mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ (adverb clause of concession), mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích (adverb
clause of purpose), mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả (adverb clause of results).
2. Adverb clauses of time (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ) 2.1 . Định nghĩa
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian là những mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng các liên từ chỉ thời gian như: when ( khi,
vào lúc), while, as (trong khi), until, till (cho đến khi), as soon as, once (ngay khi), before, by the time (trước
khi), after (sau khi), as long as, so long as (chừng nào mà), since (từ khi)...
E.g: + I hope to pay him a visit before I go away. ( Tôi hy vọng đến thăm được anh ấy trước khi tôi đi. )
+ When we were in New York, we saw several plays. ( Khi chúng tôi ở New York, chúng tôi đã xem một vài vở kịch.)
+ As soon as you are ready, we shall go. ( Ngay khi cậu sẵn sàng, chúng ta sẽ đi. )
+ We stayed there until it stopped raining. ( Chúng tôi đã ở đó cho đến khi trời ngừng mưa. )
- Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu. Nếu mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian đứng ở
đầu câu sẽ ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.
2.2 . Cách sử dụng
a. Diễn đạt 1 hành động đang xảy ra thì hành động khác xen vào Main clause Conjunction Adverb clause of time S + V-ed while S+ was/ were + V-ing (quá khứ đơn) as ( quá khứ tiếp diễn ) lOMoAR cPSD| 47886956 S + was/ were + V-ing when S + V-ed (quá khứ tiếp diễn) ( quá khứ đơn ) E.g:
+ We were having dinner when she came. ( Khi cô ấy tới, chúng tôi đang ăn tối. )
+ As I was walking home, it began to rain. ( Khi chúng tôi đang đi bộ về nhà thì trời bắt đầu mưa. )
b. Diễn tả hai hành động diễn ra song song Main clause Conjunction Adverb clause of time S+ is/am/are +V-ing while S+ is/am/are +V-ing S + was/ were +V-ing S + was/ were +V-ing (chia ở thì tiếp diễn)
( chia ở thì tiếp diễn ) E.g:
+ I was cooking dinner while my husband was reading a book.
(Tôi đang nấu bữa tối trong khi chồng tôi đang đọc sách.)
+ She is playing tennis while her brother is listening to music.
(Trong khi cô ấy đang chơi tennis thì anh trai cô ấy lại đang nghe nhạc.)
c. Đối với hiện tại hoàn thành, sau since (từ khi) luôn chia ở thì quá khứ đơn Main clause Conjunction Adverb clause of time S + has/ have + PII since S + Ved (hiện tại hoàn thành) ( quá khứ đơn ) E.g:
+ I haven’t met her since she left school. ( Tôi đã không gặp cô ấy từ khi cô ấy nghỉ học ở trường. )
+ She has played the piano since she was a child. ( Cô ấy đã chơi piano từ khi cô ấy còn nhỏ. )
d. Hành động hoàn thành trước hành động khác trong quá khứ Main clause Conjunction Adverb clause of time S + V-ed after as S+ had + PII (quá khứ đơn) soon as ( quá khứ hoàn thành ) S+ had + PII before by S + V-ed (quá khứ hoàn thành) the time ( quá khứ đơn ) E.g:
+ By the time we arrived, he had already left. ( Khi chúng tôi đến, anh ấy đã rời đi rồi. )
+ She got a job after she had graduated from university. ( Cô ấy đi làm sau khi đã tốt nghiệp đại học. )
e. Nối các hành động xảy ra trong tưomg lai Main clause Conjunction Adverb clause of time S + will + V when S + V-s/es S + be going to + V as soon as S + have/has + PII
(Tương lai đơn/ tương lai gần) after
( hiện tại đơn/ hiện tại hoàn thành ) before until
E.g: + I’ll go to bed after I have finished my homework. ( Tôi sẽ đi ngủ sau khi tôi làm xong bài tập về nhà. )
+ When John comes, we will give him your letter. ( Khi John đến, chúng tôi sẽ gửi cho anh ta bức thư của cậu. ) B. PRACTICE lOMoAR cPSD| 47886956
Exercise 1: Decide whether the underlined part is an independent clause (I) or a dependent clause (D).
1. As soon as there’s smoke, I start feeling bad. _____
2. The traffic conditions worsen until they are repaired. _____
3. We’ll update this post on our social media as soon as we finish it. _____
4. Harry met an old friend while he was vacationing in California. _____
5. Will we be able to address climate change before it is too late? _____
6. A man is in a critical condition after he is struck by lightning. _____
7. Only run your dishwasher or washing machine when it’s full. _____
8. Carbon Is released back into the atmosphere when plants and animals die. _____
9. You can get really creative when it comes to conserving water. _____
10. The firefighters will keep on searching till they find the last victim. _____
Exercise 2: Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. Before / When / While she is ready, we will leave.
2. I’ll send you a text message until / as soon as / before I hear from Nam.
3. Before / After / While she goes, she will turn off all the computers.
4. I’ll go online while / as soon as / until I get home.
5. After / Before / While we receive your confirmation email, we will send you a link to download the programme.
6. I have to wait while / before / until my mum comes home.
7. Before / Until / When Mr. Tan phones, please let me know.
8. Let’s play with the children after / until / while it is time to go.
9. He will send them an email before / until / as soon as he arrives in London.
10. I will give you my reply before / by / this time I leave this afternoon.
Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences.
1. I will call you before I ________________ over. A. come B. will come C. will be coming D. came
2. After she graduates, she ________________ a job. A. got B. will get C. had got D. get
3. When I ________________ him tomorrow, I will ask him.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. see
4. As soon as it ________________ raining, we will leave. A. stops B. stop C. had stopped D. stopped
5 . By the time he comes, we will have ________________ already. A. leave B. leaving C. left D. leaves
6. Whenever I ________________ her, I say hello. A. see B. will see C. will have seen D. saw
7. The next time I go to New York, I am going ________________ a ballet. A. seeing B. see C. saw D. to see lOMoAR cPSD| 47886956
8. I will never speak to him again so long as I ________________. A. lives B. will live C. am living D. live
9. By the time Bill _______________to bed tomorrow, he will have had a full day and will be ready for sleep. A. had gone B. will go C. goes D. went
10. As soon as I finish my report, I will call you and we ________________ out for dinner. A. went B. will go C. will have gone D. go
11. By the time I return to my country, I ________________ away from home for more than three years. A. would be B. will have been C. will be D. am
12. After he ________________ breakfast tomorrow, he will get ready to go to work. A. will have had B. has C. will be having D. have
13. As soon as he finishes dinner, he ________________ the children for a walk to a nearby playground. A. will take B. takes C. will be taking D. took
14. When Bill gets home, his children ________________ in the yard. A. played B. will play C. will be playing D. play
15 . He will work at his desk until he ________________ to another meeting in the middle of the afternoon. A. went B. go C. will go D. goes
Exercise 4: Identify the underlined part that needs correction.
1. When it raining. I usually go to school by bus. A. When B. raining C. usually go D. by bus
2. I learned a lot of Japanese while I am in Tokyo. A. I B. a lot of C. Japanese D. am
3. I have not been well since I return home. A. have not been B. well C. return D. home
4. I’ll stay here until will you get back. A. I’ll B. here C. until D. will you
5. When Sam was in New York, he stays with his cousins. A. in New York B. he C. stays D. his cousins
6. Last night. I had gone to bed after I had finished my homework. A. Last night B. had gone C. after D. my homework
7. I will call you before I will come over. A, will call B. you C. before D. will come
8. Ever since I was a child, I had been afraid of dogs.
A. Ever since B. was C. had been D. afraid of
9. By the time I left my apartment this morning, someone looked for me. A. left B. this morning C. someone D. looked for
10. Whenever Mark will be angry, his nose gets red. A. Whenever B. will be C. gets D. red lOMoAR cPSD| 47886956
Exercise 5: Put each type of pollution with its description. noise pollution thermal radioactive pollution pollution light water pollution pollution soil visual pollution pollution air pollution Description Type of pollution
1 . Too much use of electric lights
2 . Caused by the smoke and harmful gases from vehicles and factories.
3 . The noise which is harmful to humans and animals. This includes the
sound of vehicles, loud speakers...
4 . Telephone towers, power lines, advertising billboards obstruct people from enjoying a view
5 . The deposition of radiation in land, air, water
6 . Lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater are contaminated by substances,
making the water unusable for drinking, cooking,...
7 . The water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or oceans change.
8 . Earth’s surface is destroyed by pesticides
Exercise 6: Complete the sentence with the words in the box. contaminated untreated dead pollutant radioactive effects dumped aquatic sewage poison
1. __________________ or wastewater should be treated before it is discharged into the river or ocean.
2. More and more waste and __________________ are poured into the water, the soil and the air.
3. The __________________ material is stored in a special radiation-proof container.
4. Oil spills can cause the death of __________________ animals such as fish.
5. __________________ sewage can spread disease and contaminate drinking water sources.
6. Cholera is transmitted through __________________ water.
7. The health __________________ of air pollution include heart disease, lung cancer, and asthma.
8. Carbon dioxide is a dangerous air __________________.
9. Over 150,000 tonnes of waste are annually __________________ along the coastline.
10. Up to 100.000 fish were found __________________ along the river last week. C. HOMEWORK
Exercise 1: Choose the best option to complete the sentence.
1. She ________________ lunch by the time we arrived. A. finished B. has finished C. had finished D. finishing
2. Bob will come soon. When Bob ________________, we will see him. A. come
B. will come C. will be coming D. comes
3. I will get home at 5:30. After I get home, I ________________dinner. lOMoAR cPSD| 47886956
A. will have B. will be having C. had D. have
4. As soon as the taxi ________________, we will be able to leave for the airport. A. arrives B. arrive C. will arrive D. arrived
5. I will go to bed after I ________________ my work. A. finish B. finished C. will finish D. Finishes
6. I ________________ here when you arrive tomorrow. A. am B. had been C. could be D. will be
7. I am going to wait right here until Jessica ________________. A. comes B. will have come C. is coming D. came
8. As soon as the war ________________ over, there will be great joy throughout the land. A. are B. will be C. is D. would be
9. Right now the tide is low, but when the tide comes in, the ship ________________ the harbor.
A. left B. will leave C. will have left D. leave
10. I am going to start making dinner before my wife ________________ home from work today. A. get B. gets C. will get D. got
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with the words in the box. stations endangered carbon extinction environment combine ecosystem fisherman absorb participate
1. Pandas are on the margin of __________________.
2. The __________________ found a rare dugong in the water.
3. I hope everyone will __________________ in this discussion.
4. We should protect the __________________.
5. Coal power __________________ release sulfur dioxide into the surrounding air.
6. Hydrogen and oxygen __________________ to form water.
7. Trees __________________ carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
8. We need to reduce our __________________ footprint.
9. This bay has a very complex __________________.
10. Mountain gorillas are an __________________ species. THE END