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lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053 A Guide to APA
Referencing Style : 6th Edition Downloaded by Anh Tr?n Th? Lan
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This guide has been prepared by staff from the UCOL Student Success Team. January 2015
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A Guide to APA 6th ed. Referencing Style lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053 Updated March 2017 Contents
What is APA? ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Why reference? ............................................................................................................................................. 5
How to reference .......................................................................................................................................... 6
1. In text citations ......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. Three, four or five authors
................................................................................................................. 7 1.2. Six or seven authors
........................................................................................................................... 7 1.3. Eight or more authors
........................................................................................................................ 8 1.4. Groups as authors
.............................................................................................................................. 8
1.5. Similar information referred to by more than one author
................................................................ 9
1.6. Same author and same date
.............................................................................................................. 9
1.7. One work by one author, when the author is cited more than once in a paragraph ...................... 10
1.8. Citing a secondary source ................................................................................................................ 11
2. Direct quotes ........................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1. Short quote – less than 40 words .................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Longer quote – 40 words or more ................................................................................................... 12
2.3. Quotations from online resources that do not provide page numbers .......................................... 12 lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053
3. The reference list .................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1. Books ................................................................................................................................................ 14
3.2. Book – one author ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.3. Book – place of publication .............................................................................................................. 14
3.4. Book – editor .................................................................................................................................... 14
3.5. Book – author & publisher are the same ......................................................................................... 15
3.6. Chapter in an edited book ................................................................................................................ 15
3.7. Serial/journal articles ....................................................................................................................... 15
3.8. Serial / journal article (print) ............................................................................................................ 15
3.9. Serial / journal article – more than one author (print) .................................................................... 15
3.10. Serial / journal article (online from a database – e.g. EBSCO or Newztext) .................................. 16
3.11. Serial / journal – more than one author (online– DOI) .................................................................. 16
3.12. Serial / Journal article – 8 or more authors (online – no DOI) ....................................................... 16
3.13. Internet sources ............................................................................................................................. 17
3.14. Internet – no author, no date ........................................................................................................ 17
3.15. Internet – Organisation / Corporate author .................................................................................. 17
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A Guide to APA 6th ed. Referencing Style lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053
4. Examples of various types of information sources ................................................................................. 18
4.1. Act (statute / legislation) .................................................................................................................. 18
4.2. Blog post ........................................................................................................................................... 18
4.3. Brochure / pamphlet ........................................................................................................................ 18
4.4. Brochure / pamphlet (no author) .................................................................................................... 19
4.5. Clickview .......................................................................................................................................... 19
4.6. Conference Paper ............................................................................................................................. 19
4.7. Conference paper (online) ............................................................................................................... 20
4.8. Dictionary (print) .............................................................................................................................. 20
4.9. Dictionary (online) ............................................................................................................................ 20
4.10. Specific entry in an online dictionary (no author or editor) .......................................................... 20
4.11. Specific entry in an online dictionary (editor) ................................................................................ 21
4.12. DVD / Video / Motion Picture (including Clickview & Youtube) .................................................... 21
4.13. e-book (including Safari and Google books) .................................................................................. 21
4.14. Figures (images, illustrations, photographs, maps, charts) ........................................................... 22
4.15. Magazine ........................................................................................................................................ 24
4.16. Moodle ........................................................................................................................................... 24 lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053
4.17. Music recording (Whole album) .................................................................................................... 24
4.18. Music recording (Song from album) .............................................................................................. 25
4.19. Newspaper article .......................................................................................................................... 25
4.20. Newspaper article (no author) ....................................................................................................... 25
4.21. Newspaper (online) ........................................................................................................................ 25
4.22. Personal communication ............................................................................................................... 26
4.23. Podcast (audio or video) ................................................................................................................ 26
4.24. Software (including apps) .............................................................................................................. 26
4.25. Television series ............................................................................................................................. 26
4.26. Television (single episode from a series) ....................................................................................... 26
4.27. Thesis (print) .................................................................................................................................. 26
4.28. Thesis (online) ................................................................................................................................ 26
4.29. Wikis (including Wikipedia) ............................................................................................................ 27
4.30. Youtube see – DVD / Video / Motion picture ................................................................................ 27
5. Reference List .......................................................................................................................................... 28
6. Two letter USA state codes ..................................................................................................................... 33
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A Guide to APA 6th ed. Referencing Style lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053 What is APA?
Your assignment states – Please reference using the APA style - 6th ed. You think to yourself ...
“Arrrgghhh... what does that mean, why do I have to do it and how do I do it!?”
APA is one of many referencing styles used in academic writing. APA stands for American Psychological
Association. The Association outlines the style in the Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association [APA] (6th ed.).
UCOL programmes utilise the APA referencing style.
There are many different referencing styles (over 100). It is essential to follow the style specified in your
assignments and not to mix styles. Consistency of style is important! Why reference?
When you reference you use the standardised style to acknowledge the source of information used in your assignment.
It is important (morally & legally) to acknowledge someone else’s ideas or words you have used.
Academic writing encourages paraphrasing information you have researched and read. Paraphrasing
means re-wording something you have read in to your own words. If you use someone else’s words or
work and fail to acknowledge them – you may be accused of plagiarism and infringing copyright.
Referencing correctly enables the marker or reader of your assignment to locate the source of the
information. They can verify the information or read further on the topic.
Referencing also allows for you to retrace your steps and locate information you have used for
assignments and discover further views or ideas discussed by the author.
By referencing clearly and correctly, it demonstrates you have undertaken research on the assignment
topic and located relevant information.
There are two main parts to referencing:
1. The first indicating within your assignment the sources of the information you have used to
write your assignment. This demonstrates support for your ideas, arguments and views.
Sometimes this is referred to as: citing in text, in text citations or text citations
2. The second part to referencing is the construction of a reference list. The reference list shows
the complete details of everything you cited and appears in an alphabetical list on a separate
page, at the end of your assignment.
Tip: Everything you have cited in text appears in your reference list and likewise... everything that
appears in your reference list will have been cited in text! Check this is the case prior to handing in your lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053
assignment. (The exception is when using a personal communication. Personal communications are
cited in text but do not appear in the reference list. See page 25).
The following guide provides some general rules and examples using the 6th ed. of APA. For further information and help:
• Refer to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) [from here
on referred to as the APA manual], especially chapters 6 & 7.
Copies are available at the UCOL Library, some for borrowing, some on Desk reserve. [Shelf number: 808.027 PUB]
• Student Experience Team members (Learning Services & Library staff) are available to assist with referencing
• See the APAstyle website ( http://www.apastyle.org/)
• Plus there are APA wizards freely available online and Microsoft Word provides a built-in
referencing function (Note: some editing maybe required when using these tools) How to reference 1. In text citations
Even though you have put someone else’s ideas or information in your own words (i.e. paraphrased),
you still need to show where the original idea or information came from. This is all part of the academic writing process.
When citing in text within an assignment, use the author/s (or editor/s) last name followed by the year of publication. Example:
Water is a necessary part of every person’s diet and of all the nutrients a body needs to function, it
requires more water each day than any other nutrient (Whitney & Rolfes, 2011). or
Whitney and Rolfes (2011) state the body requires many nutrients to function but highlight that water is
of greater importance than any other nutrient. or
Water is an essential element of anyone’s diet and Whitney and Rolfes (2011) emphasise it is more
important than any other nutrient.
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A Guide to APA 6th ed. Referencing Style lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053 Reference list entry:
Whitney, E., & Rolfes, S. (2011). Understanding nutrition (12th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Note: This book did not have a city for place of publication, just a country.
Extra note: This book has an edition. This information is included straight after the title.
1.1. Three, four or five authors
If a work has three (3), four (4) or five (5) authors, cite all authors the first time and from then on
include only the last name of the first author followed by the words et al. (‘et al.’ is Latin for ‘and others’) Example:
Research can be defined as a systematic method of creating new knowledge or a way to verify existing
knowledge (Watson, McKenna, Cowman & Keady, 2008).
Deciding on a research method demands the researcher consider carefully the problem or area of
investigation being researched (Watson et al., 2008). Reference list entry:
Watson, R., McKenna, H., Cowman, S., & Keady, K. (Eds.). (2008). Nursing research: Designs and
methods. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
Note: The people were identified as the editors, hence ‘(Eds.)’ is a shortened version of Editors.
1.2. Six or seven authors
If a work has six (6) or more authors, cite only the last name of the first author followed by et al.
each time you refer to this work. Example: (Mikosch et al., 2010) Reference list entry:
When a source has up to seven (7) authors, include all names in the reference list. lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053
Mikosch, P., Hadrawa, T., Laubreiter, K., Brandl, J., Pilz, J., Stettner, H., & Grimm, G. (2010). Effectiveness
of respiratory-sinus-arrhythmia biofeedback on state-anxiety in patients undergoing coronary
angiography. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(5), 1101-1110.
1.3. Eight or more authors
When there are eight (8) or more authors, cite only the last name of the first author followed by ‘et al.’
each time you refer to this work. Example: (Vissing et al., 2004)
Note in the reference list: When there are eight (8) or more authors, include the first six (6) authors’
names and then use ellipsis points (...) before concluding with the last author’s name. Reference list entry:
Vissing, K., Brink, M., Lonbro, S., Sorensen, H., Overgaard, K., Danborg, K., ... Aagaard, P. (2008). Muscle
adaptations to plyometric vs. resistance training in untrained young men. Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1799-1810.
1.4. Groups as authors
The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations, associations, government agencies) are
usually written in full each time they appear in a text citation. The names of some group authors (e.g.,
associations, government agencies) are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In
deciding whether to abbreviate the name of a group author, use the general rule that you need to give
enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list without
difficulty. Some groups are recognised by an abbreviation (e.g., WHO for World Health Organisation).
Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 176. First text citation:
(Ministry of Health [MOH], 2007).
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A Guide to APA 6th ed. Referencing Style lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053
Second & subsequent citations: (MOH, 2007). Reference list entry:
Ministry of Health. (2007). Looking at long-term residential care in a rest home or hospital: What you
need to know. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
Note: If the author and publisher are the same – Author – can be used to indicate the publisher in place
of the full name. See the example above.
Group as author no abbreviation
New Zealand House of Representatives, Health Committee. (2007, August). Inquiry into obesity and type
2 diabetes in New Zealand: Report presented to the House of Representatives. Retrieved from
http://www.parliament.nz/NR/rdonlyres/47F52D0D-0132-42EF-A297
6AB08980C0EA/61821/DBSCH_SCR_3868_5335.pdf In text citation:
(New Zealand House of Representatives, Health Committee, 2007).
1.5. Similar information referred to by more than one author
There may be occasion to refer to more than one source in relation to similar information. In this case,
list the sources in alphabetical order within the brackets, separated by a semi-colon. Example:
Resilience is seen as the ability to overcome adversary, combat stress and bounce back from hardship
(Dawson, 2006; Overton, 2005). Reference list entry:
Dawson, L. (2006). Wise up!: How to be fearless and fulfilled in midlife. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
Overton, A. (2005). Stress less: Make stress work for you not against you. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
1.6. Same author and same date
If a work has the same author and same date, differentiate between them by assigning lowercase letters
a, b, c, etc. They are listed in the reference list alphabetically by title (excluding A or The). Refer to the
APA manual, 2010, p. 178, 182. lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053 Examples:
Eyes are susceptible to melanoma, even though it is rare (Cancer Society of New Zealand, 2013a).
According to the Cancer Society of New Zealand (2013b) the rate of… Reference list entry:
Cancer Society of New Zealand. (2013a). Ocular melanoma: Information sheet. Retrieved from
http://www.cancernz.org.nz/information/cancer-types/
Cancer Society of New Zealand. (2013b). Reducing your cancer risk. Retrieved from
http://www.cancernz.org.nz/reducing-your-cancer-risk/
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A Guide to APA 6th ed. Referencing Style lOMoAR cPSD| 46672053
1.7. One work by one author, when the author is cited more than once in a paragraph
Refer to the APA Manual, 2010, p 174 (section 6.11)
The rules for this are quite complex, mostly because there is one rule for citations in brackets
(parenthetical) and other rules for citations that are part of the narrative.
‘Part of the narrative’ means that the reference is part of a sentence, and not in brackets. Examples
If a citation is part of the narrative, it looks like ‘According to Jones (2013)…, or Jones (2013) states that….
If a citation is parenthetical, it looks like ‘(Jones, 2013)’.
Citations in brackets (parenthetical)
One rule, very straightforward.
The APA manual states that the year should be included in all citations that are in brackets.
“Do include the year in all parenthetical citations” (APA, 2010, p. 174)
This applies irrespective of the style (part of the narrative, or parenthetical) of the first citation.
Example from APA manual (2010, p. 174)
Among epidemiological samples, Kessler et al. (2003) found that early onset social anxiety disorder
results in a more potent and severe course. ….The study also showed that there was a high rate of
comorbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression (Kessler et al., 2003).
Citations that are part of the narrative
There are two rules for this style of citing. Not so simple.
If the first citation is part of the narrative, do not include the year in subsequent references that are in
the narrative. APA states “you need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical [emphasis
added] references….” (APA, 2010, p. 174). We asked for clarification of the meaning of ‘need not’, via
the APAstyle blog, and they have informed us that it is correct to interpret the text ‘you need not’ to mean ‘do not’.
Example from APA manual (2010, p. 174) Stude n t Success
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Among epidemiological samples, Kessler et al. (2003) found that early onset social anxiety disorder
results in a more potent and severe course. Kessler et al. also found….
If the first citation is in brackets, the year is to be included in subsequent citations* within the
paragraph. (*this applies whether they are in the narrative or parenthetical)
Example from APA manual (2010, p. 175)
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler et al., 2003). Kessler et al. (2003) also found…
1.8. Citing a secondary source
Where possible use original material. However, if the information you wish to use is cited by another
author, acknowledge the source you have read, showing it is a secondary source. This demonstrates
you have not read the original source but read about it in a secondary source. Within the text citation,
use the words “as cited in” to indicate this is a secondary source. In the reference list, include the
author and details of the source you actually read. Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 178. Example:
Fawcett (as cited in Polit & Beck, 2008) outlined the four main concepts… Reference list entry:
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing
practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2. Direct quotes
Quoting directly from a work should be done sparingly, in order to emphasis or stress a point in your
essay. When using a quote, it must be copied exactly as written in the original work including any
punctuation or incorrect spelling. When using a quote, include the author’s last name, year of
publication and page number/s where the quote appears. Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 170-173 for further information.
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Short quote – less than 40 words
To indicate a short quote (less than 40 words), enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Example:
“Self-directed learning is also a term with which you will become familiar as you study in Australia or
New Zealand. Students are expected to take responsibility for their own learning and organise their own study” (Hally, 2009, p. 7). 2.2.
Longer quote – 40 words or more
For a quote that is 40 words or more, include it in your essay as a freestanding piece of text or block
form and do not use the quotation marks. Double-space the entire quote. At the end of the quote,
include the author’s name, year of publication and page number/s after the full stop. Example:
Principle-based teaching and principle-based learning are important in nursing, particularly as they relate
to clinical skills. Clinical skills are usually taught according to principles, and this means that the student
learns key principles associated with the skill, and then applies those principles to the actual performance
of the skill. (Hally, 2009, p. 6) Reference list entry:
Hally, M. B. (2009). A guide for international nursing students in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney, Australia: Elsevier.
2.3. Quotations from online resources that do not provide page numbers
The APA manual (2010, p. 171-172) states when using direct quotes from online material provide the
author, year and page number within brackets ( ). If the page number is not known, use a paragraph number. Stude n t Success
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If the paragraph number could confuse the reader, consider including a section heading e.g. discussion section. Example :
“The WTN exists to "encourage serendipity" -- the happy accidents of colliding ideas and new
relationships that cause the biggest breakthroughs for individuals and institutions” ( World Technology Net work, 2014 , para. 3 ). Reference list entry:
World Technology Network. (2014). About the World Technology Network. Retrieved from http://www.wtn.net/about 3. The reference list
All references or information sources cited in any written work (i.e. essays, reports, research papers,
etc.) need to be listed in a reference list on a separate page at the end of your assignment, headed
‘References’ or ‘Reference List’. The reference list provides all the details necessary for the person
reading and/or marking the assignment to locate and retrieve any information source cited. An
accurate and properly constructed reference list provides credibility to the written work it accompanies.
Tip: Everything you have cited in text appears in your reference list and, likewise, everything that
appears in your reference list will have been cited in text! Check this is the case prior to handing in
your assignment. (The exception is when citing a personal communication. Personal communications
are cited in text but do not appear in the reference list. See example 4.21) Basic rules
1. The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of the authors’ last names.
2. If there is more than one work by the same author, order them by publication date – oldest to
newest (therefore a 2004 publication would appear before a 2008 publication).
3. If there is no author the title moves to that position and the entry is alphabetised by the first
significant word, excluding words such as “A” or “The”. If the title is long, it may be shortened when citing in text.
4. Use “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a source.
5. The first line of the reference list entry is left-hand justified, while all subsequent lines are consistently indented.
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6. Capitalise only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if there is one, plus any proper
names – i. e. only those words that would normally be capitalised.
7. Italicise the title of the book, the title of the journal/serial and the title of the web document.
8. Do not create separate lists for each type of information source. Books, articles, web
documents, brochures, etc. are all arranged alphabetically in one list.
When creating the reference list entry for an information source you need to identify and record
specific details. It might be useful to remember these Ws!
Who – wrote /edited it – author or editor
When was it written – date
What is it – title of book, title of the article & serial/journal, title of the web document
Where was it published (Books) – place of publication– usually city & country and publisher’s name
Where was the article located (Serial/journal) - volume number, issue number and page numbers of the article
Where you located it (Internet sources) - URL – web address
The following are the details for common types of references. The information is usually found on the
title page and the back of the title page of a book. For serials/journals, you will find the information
included on the article plus the front cover or inside pages of a print serial. Webpages can take a bit of
detective work. You may need to scroll to the bottom of the webpage to find a date and an author.
Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 180-192, for further information. 3.1. Books
1. Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname) appears first, followed by initials (Bloggs, J.).
2. Year of publication in brackets (2010).
3. Full title of the book. Capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle, if any, and
proper names. Italicise the title. Use a colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
4. Include the edition number, if applicable, in brackets after the title or subtitle (3rd ed.) or (Rev.
ed.). Note: No full stop, after the title, if there is an edition. Stude n t Success
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5. Place of publication. Always include the city and 2-letter state code when published inside the
USA, and the city & country, if published outside the USA (Fort Bragg, CA or Auckland, New
Zealand or Benalla, Australia or Weybridge, England). If there are two or more places included
in the source, then use the first one listed.
6. Publisher’s name. Provide this as briefly as possible. Do not use terms such as Publishers, Co.,
or Inc. but include the words Books & Press. When the author and the publisher are the same,
use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
3.2. Book – one author
Collier, A. (2008). The world of tourism and travel. Rosedale, New Zealand: Pearson Education New Zealand.
3.3. Book – place of publication
Note: always include the city and 2-letter state code when published inside the USA, and city & country
if published outside the USA.
Airey, D. (2010). Logo design love: A guide to creating iconic brand identities. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
Stein, R. (2001). Rick Stein’s seafood. London, England: BBC. 3.4. Book – editor
Aspinall, V. (Ed.). (2014). Clinical procedures in veterinary nursing (3rd ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier .
3.5. Book – author & publisher are the same
MidCentral District Health Board. (2008). District annual plan 2008/09. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Author.
3.6. Chapter in an edited book
Palmer, F. (2007). Treaty principles and Maori sport: Contemporary issues. In C. Collins & S. Jackson
(Eds.), Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society (2nd ed., pp. 307-334). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson.
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McKinney, C., & Smith, N. (2005). Te Tiriti o Waitangi or The Treaty of Waitangi: What is the difference?
In D. Wepa (Ed.), Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 39-57). Auckland, New Zealand:
Pearson Education New Zealand.
3.7. Serial/journal articles
1. Author/s last name (surname) first, followed by initials.
2. Year of publication in brackets. (2012)
3. Title of article. Capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle, if any, and proper
names. Use a colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
4. Title of the serial/journal in full in italics.
5. Volume number, in italics. Do not use “Vol.” before the number.
6. Issue number. This is bracketed immediately after the volume number but not italicised.
7. Month, season or other designation of publication if there is no volume or issue number.
8. Include all page numbers.
9. Include any Digital Object Identifiers [DOI].
3.8. Serial / journal article (print)
Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary tales for nurses. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 16(7), 26.
3.9. Serial / journal article – more than one author (print)
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during professional rugby
league skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583
3.10. Serial / journal article (online from a database – e.g. EBSCO or Newztext)
The database name and retrieval date are no longer required. Include the home page of the journal.
This may require a quick web search to locate the URL (Refer to the APA manual, p. 191-192, 199). Stude n t Success
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Marshall, M., Carter, B., Rose, K., & Brotherton, A. (2009). Living with type 1 diabetes: Perceptions of
children and their parents. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(12), 1703-1710. Retrieved from
http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0962-1067
Otherwise, simply reference the journal article as per the print version (check with your lecturer to ensure this is acceptable)
Huy, C., Becker, S., Gomolinsky, U., Klein, T., & Thiel, A. (2008). Health, medical risk factors and bicycle
use in everyday life in the over-50 population. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 16(4), 454- 464.
3.11. Serial / journal – more than one author (online– DOI)
The 6th ed. of the APA manual emphasises the use of DOI (Digital Object Identifiers). Many publishers,
databases and online journals use DOIs. They are alpha-numeric codes that usually appear on the first
page of the article. Copy the DOI exactly as it appears.
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during professional rugby
league skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007
If the article has no DOI:
Consider providing the home page URL of the journal. If you are accessing the article from a database,
you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL.
It is not necessary to include the name of the database.
No retrieval date is necessary for content that is not likely to be changed or updated. These are
DOI resolver / locator sites: http://dx.doi.org/ and http://www.crossref.org/
3.12. Serial / Journal article – 8 or more authors (online – no DOI) Reference list:
Crooks, C., Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M., Buetow, S., Brothers, S., … Jorgensen, P. (2010).
Adverse reactions to food in New Zealand children aged 0-5 years. New Zealand Medical Journal,
123(1327). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1327/4469/ In text citation: (Crooks et al., 2010).
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