software architecture - Công nghệ thông tin | Đại học Hoa Sen

Question 1
Which of the following is true concerning software architecture?
The term 'enterprise architecture' describes ...
A.) Architecture is concerned primarily with the private details of
A.) software elements of a system. element interfaces.
B.) hardware elements and how they are interconnected.
B.) An architecture is composed of a fixed set of candidate
X C.) business structures and how they are interconnected. structures.
D.) both the hardware and software elements of a system.
x C.) Every system has an architecture, explicit or implicit. Question 2
D.) A software architecture is the planned implementation of a
Enterprise and system architecture... system.
A.) provide an environment in which software operates. Question 8
B.) provide requirements and constraints to which software
Which of the following cannot be inferred from the description of a software architecture must adhere. architecture's elements?
C.) are likely to be associated with one or more software
A.) How many elements a system has architectures.
x B.) The design of individual elements x D.) all of the above
C.) Commonalities between system elements E.) none of the above
D.) Relationships between system elements Question 3 Question 9
Which of the following is a concern of software architecture?
Which of the following is not true of architectural patterns?
x A.) Software elements of the system
A.) They are often selected to promote various quality attribute
B.) Human elements of the system properties.
C.) Hardware elements of the system
B.) They are well-known solutions to recurring design problems. D.) All of the above
x C.) They are industry-defined standards for software design. E.) None of the above
D.) They are often selected in the early stages of architectural Question 4 design.
Software architecture is an abstraction of a system that... Question 10
x A.) suppresses details of what software elements do internally.
Which of the following would not be part of a reference model?
B.) shows how software elements will be implemented.
A.) What major functions a system is expected to perform
C.) describes the algorithms and data structures used by software
x B.) How system functions are allocated to software elements elements.
C.) What data flows to, from, and between system functions
D.) identifies the public and private interfaces of software elements.
D.) Which functions are mandatory and which are optional Question 5 Question 11
The 'externally visible properties' of a software architecture's elements refers to all
Which of the following would not be part of a reference architecture? of the following except...
A.) Elements of the architecture and their externally visible
A.) quality attributes of those elements. properties
x B.) "as is" design of those elements.
B.) Relationships between elements and the properties of those
C.) functions and services provided by those elements. elements
D.) resources provided and used by those elements.
C.) Which elements, relationships, and properties are optional in any Question 6
given implementation of the architecture
Which of the following is not true concerning software architecture?
x D.) How to instantiate the architecture for a particular application
A.) An architecture comprises many different structures. Question 12
x B.) An architecture is best described by a single, coherent structure.
There are three primary reasons why a software architecture is important. Which of
C.) An architectural structure might show runtime elements and
the following is not one of them? relationships.
A.) It reveals early design decisions about a system.
D.) An architectural structure might show non-runtime elements and
B.) It enables communication among stakeholders regarding the relationships. system. Question 7
x C.) It ensures implementation conformance to a defined specification. have been identified.
D.) It is a transferable, reusable abstraction of a system. Question 19 Question 13
Which of the following is false regarding software architecture?
Software architecture provides a common frame of reference for all of the
A.) Software architecture enables more accurate cost and schedule following except... estimates.
A.) negotiating requirements with stakeholders.
B.) Software architecture enables more accurate project planning
B.) keeping the customer informed of progress and cost. and tracking.
x C.) minimizing the amount of time spent in component design.
x C.) Software architecture enables more accurate process
D.) deciding how to structure the development organization and conformance estimates. allocate resources.
D.) Software architecture enables more accurate predictions of Question 14 resource usage.
Which of the following is least likely to be imposed on the implementation by Question 20 software architecture?
Software architecture can serve as the basis of a strategic reuse agenda that x A.) Test procedures
includes reuse of all of the following except...
B.) Process-scheduling priorities
x A.) product-specific functionality and qualities. C.) Elements and interactions
B.) work breakdown structures and requirements. D.) Data sharing
C.) project personnel and experience. Question 15 D.) components and standards.
Which of the following processes within a development organization is notaffected Question 21 by software architecture?
Architecture-based development... A.) Budgeting and scheduling
x A.) focuses on composing elements rather than programming them.
B.) Partitioning and assigning work
B.) relaxes constraints on which third-party products can be x C.) Performing user testing incorporated into the system.
D.) Planning testing and deployment
C.) avoids implementation standards to promote flexibility. Question 16
D.) inhibits component interchangeability.
Software architecture allows us to predict... Question 22
A.) how much the system will impact the technological environment.
Architecture enables template-based development. Which of the following isnot
x B.) how well quality attributes will be achieved.
true of this type of development?
C.) how satisfied customers will be with the product.
A.) Templates can be used to localize how elements interact.
D.) how often requirements will change.
B.) Templates can be used to code element interaction frameworks. Question 17
C.) Templates speed up development and increase reliability.
Architecture helps us to reason about and manage change, because it partitions all
x D.) Templates promote standardization but reduce performance.
changes into these three classes of change: Question 24
A.) requirements, design, and implementation changes.
Which of the following structures is most likely to be of interest in determining how
x B.) local, nonlocal, and architectural changes.
modifiable software is in terms of supporting a new hardware platform?
C.) high-level design, detailed design, and coding changes. x A.) Uses structure
D.) life-cycle, process, and practice changes.
B.) Shared-data repository structure Question 18 C.) Implementation structure
Once an architecture has been defined, it can be analyzed and prototyped as a D.) Work assignment structure
skeletal system. Which of the following is not a benefit of this approach? Question 25
A.) Elements can be plugged into a skeletal framework of the
Which of the following structures is most likely to be of interest in determining how architecture.
secure a system is from unauthorized external access?
B.) Risky elements can be identified and prototyped. A.) Implementation structure
C.) The system is executable early in the product's life cycle. x B.) Deployment structure
x D.) Development can proceed before the architectural mismatches
C.) Class/generalization structure D.) Decomposition structure E.) None of the above Question 26 Question 32
Which of the following structures is most likely to be of interest in determining how
The existing technical environment will...
well a system will perform when faced by simultaneous access by 1,000 users?
A.) be the most influential cost driver of the system. A.) Layered structure
B.) be a key factor in minimizing the constraints imposed on a x B.) Process structure system. C.) Work assignment structure
x C.) likely influence the design of an architecture. D.) Implementation structure
D.) have the least impact on the cost of the system. Question 27 Question 33
Architects primarily focus on designing whatever structures will provide them with
The design choices made by a software architect might be influenced by his or
the most leverage in achieving... her...
A.) the functional requirements of the system.
A.) past experience in designing service-oriented architectures.
B.) the operational requirements of the system.
B.) personal goals and objectives.
x C.) the quality attributes requirements of the system. C.) education and training. D.) all of the above x D.) all of the above E.) none of the above E.) none of the above Question 28 Question 34
The Architecture Business Cycle best refers to...
The design of an architecture is least likely to influence...
x A.) the business, social, and technical influences on an architecture.
A.) the formation of development teams.
B.) the influence of architecture on cost, schedule, and resource
B.) development, test, and integration activities. allocation.
x C.) conformance to project tracking and reporting practices.
C.) the cyclic nature of architecture-centric development.
D.) resource allocation in schedules and budgets.
D.) the ideal lifecycle model for architecture-based development. Question 35 E.) none of the above
Software architecture does not offer which of the following benefits? Question 29
A.) Allowing the company to enter a specific market segment
Which of these factors is least likely to influence the design of a software
x B.) Guaranteeing that implementations will conform to the architecture? architecture specification
A.) The architect's background and experience
C.) Providing a basis for resource allocation and budgeting
B.) The technical environment in which the system is developed
D.) Enabling efficient production and deployment of similar systems
x C.) The way in which the architecture is represented Question 36
D.) The structure of the development organization
Occasionally, a system or architecture will introduce itself into the technical Question 30
environment in a way that will impact the architectural design of many systems for
Why should software architects involve stakeholders early in the life cycle of a
the foreseeable future. All of the following are examples of thisexcept for: system? A.) The World Wide Web
A.) To inform stakeholders of the system's priorities x B.) C++
B.) To limit the real constraints of a system
C.) Service-oriented architecture
x C.) To manage stakeholder expectations D.) Windows operating system
D.) To discuss design alternatives Question 37 Question 31
Understanding the influences described by the Architecture Business Cycle helps
Which of the following might be an organizational influence on software
the architect to do many things. Which of the following is not one of them? architectures?
A.) Realize that system requirements are not the only influence on A.) Available expertise architectural design B.) Organizational structure
x B.) Determine when and how these influences will occur during the
C.) Investment in existing assets life cycle x D.) All of the above
C.) Actively look for and assess the impact of such influences on the architecture attributes.
D.) Prepare for and manage these influences throughout the life
x C.) Architecture provides the foundation for achieving quality cycle
attributes and guarantees that those qualities will be met in the final Question 38 implementation of the system.
Which of the following architectural influences can affect customer requirements?
D.) Changes in an architecture to promote one quality attribute may
A.) Customers perceive the benefit of existing architectures and want
have a negative impact on other quality attributes.
similar kinds of architectures for their systems. Question 43
B.) Customers will alter their requirements based on the availability
Which of the following is not true concerning the functional requirements of a
of existing systems and components. system?
C.) Customers ask for features that are available on existing systems.
A.) We can achieve functional requirements using any architecture. x D.) All of the above
B.) Functional requirements often have associated quality attribute E.) None of the above requirements. Question 39
C.) We can achieve functional requirements yet fail to meet quality
Which of the following offers the best example of a non-operational description of attribute requirements.
a quality attribute requirement?
x D.) Functional requirements have a significant influence on the
A.) Modifiability: "Developers must be able to port the software to a architecture of a system. Mac within six months." Question 44
B.) Performance: "The software must outperform competing
Failing to understand the quality attribute requirements for a system is often the software by a factor of 20." result of...
x C.) Usability: "The system shall be easy for operations personnel to
A.) ignoring industry-standard definitions for those requirements. learn and use."
x B.) wide variation in the vocabulary used to describe those
D.) Security: "The system shall prevent all unauthorized access to requirements. top-secret records."
C.) a lack of tool support for recording and tracking those Question 40 requirements.
Which of the following best describes "quality attributes?"
D.) following a life-cycle model that does not accommodate those
x A.) Properties of work products or goods by which their quality will requirements. be judged by stakeholders Question 45
B.) Properties of software systems that drive how systems will be
A "quality attribute scenario" is...
partitioned to achieve the desired functionality
A.) the relationship between different qualities of a system.
C.) Properties of work products or goods that determine their
B.) a list of all quality attributes relevant to some part of a system. marketability
C.) a short description of how a user will interact with some part of a
D.) Properties of software systems that are well defined by industry system.
standards and used as a basis for determining whether a system is
x D.) a short description of how a system should respond to some "fit for purpose" stimulus. Question 41 Question 46
Quality attributes requirements are derived from...
Which of the following is not part of a quality attribute scenario? x A.) stakeholder concerns. A.) Environment B.) industry standards. B.) Response measure C.) functional requirements. x C.) Evaluation D.) architectural structure. D.) Stimulus source Question 42 Question 47
Which of the following is not true concerning quality attributes?
The main purpose of developing quality attribute scenarios is to...
A.) Quality attributes have a significant influence on the architecture
x A.) better understand quality attributes requirements. of a system.
B.) select architectural patterns.
B.) Architectural decisions are often made to promote various quality
C.) unveil conflicting stakeholder requirements.
D.) select architectural tactics.
B.) Interaction mechanisms or connectors Question 48 C.) Semantic constraints
Which of the following statements is true? D.) Element types
A.) A general scenario is an instantiation of a concrete scenario. Question 55
x B.) A concrete scenario is an instantiation of a general scenario.
The purpose of applying patterns in software architecture is to...
C.) Concrete scenarios are system independent.
A.) build multiple related systems.
D.) General scenarios are formed by combining concrete scenarios.
B.) address one or more architectural tactics. Question 49
C.) isolate one or more quality attributes.
Which of the following statements is not true?
x D.) promote one or more quality attributes.
A.) General scenarios can help stakeholders communicate more Question 56
effectively about quality attribute requirements.
The purpose of identifying patterns in a software architecture is to...
x B.) General scenarios are system-specific but domain-independent
A.) improve stakeholder communication. scenarios.
x B.) help predict specific qualities in an architecture.
C.) General scenarios can help stakeholders develop concrete
C.) enable reuse of legacy systems. scenarios.
D.) help build multiple products in a product line.
D.) General scenarios can be developed for any quality attribute. Question 57 Question 50
A software architecture view is...
The Quality Attribute Workshop (QAW) engages stakeholders to...
A.) an opinion regarding software architecture.
A.) evaluate the design of a system.
x B.) a representation of a structure found in a software system.
x B.) discover the quality attribute requirements for a system.
C.) a collection of UML diagrams.
C.) determine whether a system is "fit for purpose".
D.) a list of elements in a software system.
D.) propose and select system design alternatives. Question 58 Question 51
Documenting a software architecture is best described as a process of...
The Quality Attribute Workshop (QAW) is best used...
A.) documenting the structures, elements, and relationships that will
x A.) before architectural design.
best support non-architectural design.
B.) during architectural design.
x B.) documenting relevant views and then adding information that
C.) after architectural design but before non-architectural design.
applies to more than one view.
D.) during non-architectural design.
C.) documenting runtime interactions and behaviors and their Question 52
impact on quality attributes requirements.
Which of the following results from the Quality Attribute Workshop (QAW)?
D.) documenting the module structures that will best support the
A.) Improved allocation of project resources
development and management teams.
B.) Consensus on the non-architectural design for a system Question 59
C.) Reduced and better control over stakeholder communication
Which type of architectural view shows sets of code units?
x D.) Increased stakeholder communication A.) Allocation views Question 53 x B.) Module views
Which of the following best describes the relationship between architectural
C.) Component-and-connector views
patterns and architectural tactics?
D.) User action/feedback views
A.) Any tactic implements different patterns. Question 60
B.) Patterns and tactics are equivalent.
Which type of architectural view shows the runtime interactions of sets of
x C.) A pattern may employ one or more tactics. elements?
D.) Tactics and patterns are unrelated. A.) Allocation views Question 54 B.) Module views
Which of the following is not part of describing or determining an architectural
x C.) Component-and-connector views pattern?
D.) User action/feedback views x A.) Implementation details Question 61
Which type of architectural view shows how software and non-software elements
Beyond views, it is useful to describe all of the following when documenting an are related within a system? architecture except for... x A.) Allocation views
A.) a system overview and documentation roadmap. B.) Module views
B.) the major architectural approaches taken and their relationship
C.) Component-and-connector views to key requirements.
D.) User action/feedback views
x C.) the relationship between implementation constructs and Question 62 architectural elements.
A process view of a system's software architecture would most likely be used to
D.) a mapping between architectural elements and key
reason about which of the following quality attribute properties of that system? requirements.
A.) Maintainability and buildability Question 68
x B.) Performance and reliability
One should not proceed with architectural design until...
C.) Security and modifiability
x A.) architectural drivers are known with some confidence.
D.) Reusability and availability
B.) functional requirements have been documented and validated. Question 63
C.) quality attribute requirements have been documented and
An allocation view of a software architecture shows... validated.
A.) runtime behavior and interactions of elements.
D.) design constraints have been documented and validated.
B.) code units that implement functionality. Question 69
C.) user interactions with system elements.
Which of the following is true?
x D.) relationships between software elements to environment
A.) Non-architectural design should begin only after the completion elements. of architectural design. Question 64
B.) Architectural design should not begin before the completion of
A deployment view of a system's software architecture would most likely be used requirements analysis.
to reason about which of the following quality attribute properties of that system?
x C.) Non-architectural design may begin before the completion of
A.) Modifiability and security architectural design.
x B.) Availability and affordability
D.) Architectural design should begin before requirements analysis.
C.) Reusability and reliability Question 70
D.) Interoperability and subsetability
Attribute-Driven Design (ADD) is an approach to defining software architecture Question 65
where decomposition is based on...
One of the most important factors to consider when deciding which views to
A.) minimizing interactions between architecturally significant
develop for an architecture is... elements.
A.) what life-cycle model will be followed during the course of
B.) recursive decomposition of functional partitions to maximize development. architectural cohesion.
B.) what notation and process will be used for creating and verifying
x C.) applying architectural patterns and tactics to satisfy quality the correctness of views. attribute requirements.
C.) what tools are available for view creation, dissemination, and
D.) compartmentalizing functions and behaviors to maximize maintenance. architectural coherence.
x D.) which views will best serve stakeholder needs. Question 71 Question 66
Which of the following is not an input of the ADD method?
Views often include information about all of the following except for...
A.) Quality attribute requirements
A.) a primary presentation, element catalog, and context diagram.
x B.) Module decomposition requirements
B.) driving architectural requirements and design rationale. C.) Functional requirements
C.) results of design-related analysis, prototyping, and D.) Design constraints experimentation. Question 72
x D.) pseudo descriptions for key algorithms and database schemata.
Which of the following is least likely to be a benefit of architecture evaluations? Question 67
A.) They provide input into where an architecture can be improved.
B.) They provide a forum for identifying and discussing unclear, described.
missing, or invalid requirements. Question 79
x C.) They allow immediate stakeholder input about how to redesign
In an architectural evaluation, the term "metrics" means...
an architecture to correct problems.
x A.) quantitative and observable measures of an architecture.
D.) They result in improved communications between stakeholders.
B.) numeric measures of the quality of the design process. Question 73
C.) numeric measures of the quality of the evaluation process.
Which of the following is the least desirable point in the software life cycle to
D.) standardized but qualitative measures of an architecture.
perform an architecture evaluation? Question 80 A.) When acquiring a system
Which of the following is not a focus of metric-based architecture evaluations? B.) When building a system
A.) Results of applying metrics.
x C.) When the system is first released B.) Choosing a set of metrics
D.) When substantial changes are proposed for a system
x C.) Comparing different sets of metrics Question 74
D.) Assumptions underlying the metrics
Which of the following is unlikely to be a cost associated with architecture Question 81 evaluations?
Which of the following is not a typical output from an architectural evaluation?
A.) Managing an organization's architecture evaluation capability
x A.) Detailed implementation plans
B.) Training the evaluation team
B.) Enhanced system documentation
x C.) Excessive communication among stakeholders
C.) Sets of scenarios for future use
D.) Loss of productivity for senior designers
D.) Sets of ranked risks or issues Question 75 Question 82
Architecture evaluation methods generally fall into what two categories?
The purpose of the ATAM is to...
A.) Scenario verification and prototyping techniques
A.) discover the right architecture for a system.
x B.) Questioning and measuring techniques
x B.) assess the consequences of architectural decisions.
C.) Simulation-based and questionnaire-based techniques C.) provide precise analyses.
D.) Checklist and quantitative techniques
D.) compare competing architectural designs for a system. Question 76 Question 83
In questionnaire-based evaluation techniques...
A quality attribute utility tree...
x A.) the architect answers a prepared list of questions.
A.) facilitates the derivation of quality attribute scenarios from
B.) detailed sets of yes/no questions focus on particular qualities. architectural tradeoffs.
C.) the quality of the design process is measured.
B.) measures the utility of proposed design alternatives.
D.) specific interactions between a system and stakeholder are
C.) maps architectural patterns to quality attributes. described.
x D.) prioritizes a list of quality attribute scenarios. Question 77 Question 84
In scenario-based evaluation techniques...
In the context of software architecture evaluations, which of the following best
A.) the architect answers a prepared list of questions. describes "a risk?"
B.) detailed sets of yes/no questions focus on particular qualities.
x A.) A potentially problematic architectural decision
C.) the quality of the design process is measured.
B.) An architectural decision that affects one or more quality
x D.) specific interactions between a system and stakeholder are
attribute responses positively while negatively affecting others described.
C.) An architectural decision that is positively correlated to at least Question 78
one quality attribute response measure
In checklist-based evaluation techniques...
D.) A good architectural decision implicit in the architecture
A.) the architect answers a prepared list of questions. Question 85
x B.) detailed sets of yes/no questions focus on particular qualities.
In the context of software architecture evaluations, which of the following best
C.) the quality of the design process is measured. describes "a tradeoff?"
D.) specific interactions between a system and stakeholder are
A.) A potentially problematic architectural decision
x B.) An architectural decision that affects one or more quality not.
attribute responses positively while negatively affecting others
C.) what markets and users will be targeted by the product line.
C.) An architectural decision that is positively correlated to at least
D.) how product variations will impact the development schedule.
one quality attribute response measure E.) none of the above
D.) A good architectural decision implicit in the architecture Question 91 Question 86
The scope of a product line should be...
In the context of software architecture evaluations, which of the following best
A.) as narrow as possible to maximize the benefit we get from
describes "a sensitivity point?" developing the product line.
A.) A potentially problematic architectural decision
x B.) not too narrow and not too broad to justify the investment in
B.) An architectural decision that affects one or more quality
development and to minimize maintenance efforts.
attribute responses positively while negatively affecting others
C.) as broad as possible to maximize the number of stakeholder
x C.) An architectural decision that is positively correlated to at least needs we are able to satisfy.
one quality attribute response measure
D.) defined broadly until the first product is released.
D.) A good architectural decision implicit in the architecture E.) none of the above Question 87 Question 92
In the context of software architecture evaluations, which of the following best
Variation between two or more products in a software product line might include describes "a nonrisk?" differences in...
A.) A potentially problematic architectural decision
A.) functional and quality attribute requirements.
B.) An architectural decision that affects one or more quality
B.) target platforms and product configurations.
attribute responses positively while negatively affecting others
C.) target markets and user interfaces.
C.) An architectural decision that is positively correlated to at least x D.) all of the above
one quality attribute response measure E.) none of the above
x D.) A good architectural decision implicit in the architecture Question 93 Question 88
Which of the following answers is false? It is particularly important to evaluate a
Which of the following is not characteristic of a software product line?
product line architecture because...
A.) A software product line comprises a set of similar software
A.) a good architecture may be critical to the success of the systems. organization.
B.) Products in a software product line share a common, managed
x B.) products that deviate from the core asset base can be identified set of features. and developed separately.
x C.) A software product line minimizes constraints on product
C.) many software systems will depend on the architecture. variation.
D.) the investment is greater than the investment in creating the
D.) Products in a software product line are developed from a
architecture for a single product. common set of core assets. Question 93 Question 89
Which of the following answers is false ? It is particularly important to evaluate a
Software product line architectures epitomize strategic, planned reuse that might
product line architecture because...
very well include reuse of all of the following except for...
A.) a good architecture may be critical to the success of the
A.) architectural designs, code, and test plans. organization.
B.) requirements, performance models, and network load analyses.
x B.) products that deviate from the core asset base can be identified
C.) work breakdown structures, project plans, and project schedules. and developed separately.
x D.) user documentation, product-specific features, and development
C.) many software systems will depend on the architecture. tools.
D.) the investment is greater than the investment in creating the Question 90
architecture for a single product.
The "scope" of a product line architecture refers to... Question 94
A.) what stakeholders will be involved in defining the product line.
Which of the following is not true for product lines?
x B.) which products are included in the product line and which are
A.) Tools and processes must be robust.
x B.) Architecture must support variation between skills of development team members.
C.) Software components must be designed to be general.
D.) Architecture must support variation between products. Question 95
The World Wide Web case study illustrates all of the following except...
A.) the Architecture Business Cycle in action.
x B.) how technological advances tend to stabilize attribute requirements.
C.) the influence an architecture can have on the technical, business, and social environment.
D.) how architectural decisions lead to the achievement of quality attribute requirements. Question 96
Which of the following factors contributed the least to the success of Celsius Tech's
software product line architecture?
A.) Domain knowledge and experience with similar systems
B.) Building similar systems in parallel
x C.) Coding expertise in command and control systems
D.) Emphasis on information hiding and encapsulation