Bài giảng Chapter 02 PPT: Understanding Comparative Advantage | Microeconomics | Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

Chapter 2 Comparative Advantage
© 2022 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill Education. Learning Objectives
1. Explain and apply the Principle of Comparative Advantage.
2. Explain and apply the Principle of Increasing
Opportunity Cost (also called the Low-
Hanging-Fruit Principle). Use a production
possibilities curve to illustrate opportunity cost and comparative advantage.
3. Identify factors that shift the menu of production possibilities.
4. Explain the role of comparative advantage in
international trade and describe why some jobs
are more vulnerable to outsourcing than others. 2 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Exchange and Opportunity Cost
" Kelly Wearstler, a highly successful and
influential interior designer, is equipped
to do other design work: Should she design her own web page?
3 Opportunity cost per hour: $500
3 Hiring someone to complete the work: Less than $500 per hour " Do It Yourself only when
Opportunity cost < hired cost 3 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Exchange and Opportunity Cost
" A person has an absolute advantage at a
particular task if he or she can perform the task
in fewer hours than the other person
" A person has a comparative advantage a t a
particular task if his or her opportunity cost of
performing the task is lower than the other personÕs opportunity cost
" Comparative advantage doesnÕt just care about
your skill at a task, but about your skill at that
task compared to your skill at other tasks 4 © 2022 McGraw Hill. The Principle of Comparative Advantage
The Principle of Comparative Advantage
Everyone does best when each person (or each country)
concentrates on the activities for which his or her opportunity cost is the lowest. 5 © 2022 McGraw Hill. The Principle of Comparative Advantage
" Multiple people are faced with multiple tasks.
How should they assign the work?
3 Each should concentrate on the activities for
which they have the lowest opportunity cost
" Total value of output increases with specialization and trade 6 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Comparative Advantage Example Production Web Update Bike Repair Times Ana 20 minutes 10 minutes Xin 30 minutes 30 minutes
" Xin and Ana can each update web pages and repair bikes
" Ana has an absolute advantage in both
3 Comparative advantage drives specialization
3 So who has a comparative advantage in what? 7 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Comparative Advantage Example Production Web Update Bike Repair Times Ana 20 minutes 10 minutes Xin 30 minutes 30 minutes Opportunity Web Update Bike Repair Cost Ana 2 repairs 0.5 update Xin 1 repair 1 update 8 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Comparative Advantage Example Production Web Update Bike Repair Times Ana 20 minutes 10 minutes Xin 30 minutes 30 minutes Hourly Output Web Update Bike Repair Ana 3 updates 6 repairs Xin 2 updates 2 repairs 9 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Comparative Advantage Example Hourly Output Web Update Bike Repair Ana 3 updates 6 repairs Xin 2 updates 2 repairs " 16 web updates are ordered
3 Ana spends half her time at each activity: 12 updates and 24 repairs
3 Xin produces 4 updates and 12 repairs
3 Total output 16 updates and 36 repairs
" Specialization produces 16 updates and 48 repairs
3 12 more repairs for the same inputs! 10 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Another Example Hourly Output Web Update Bike Repair Monique 2 updates 1 repair Miguel 3 updates 3 repairs
" This table shows output per hour
3 Apply the Principle of Comparative Advantage
" Look at opportunity cost per unit
" Monique repairs bikes and Miguel updates web pages Opportunity Web Update Bike Repair Cost Monique ½ repair 2 updates Miguel 1 repair 1 update 11 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Where Have All the 0.400 Hitters Gone? " None since 1941
3 Not a decline in athletic ability
" Specialization keeps averages lower
3 Pitching and fielding skills have improved
" Pitchers specialize in starters, middle relievers, and closers; right- or left-handed batters; strikeouts " Fielders play one position " Specialized coaches
" Detailed analysis of hitters' weaknesses 12 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Sources of Comparative Advantage " Talent " Natural resources " Cultures or societal norms 3 Languages 3 Institutions
" Value placed on craftsmanship " Support for entrepreneurship 13 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Production Possibilities Curve
" A production possibilities curve ill ustrates the
combinations of two goods that can be produced with given resources A " Definitions: 24 Unattainable Combination 3 Unattainable point ay) B 3 Attainable point 16 Inefficient Combination " Inefficient point fee (lb/d " Efficient point 8 C Cof " Scarcity Principle D 3 Give up one good to get 4 8 12 another Nuts (lb/day) 14 © 2022 McGraw Hill.
KrishaÕs Production Possibilities " Two goods: coffee and nuts 3 Work 6 hours per day " 1 hour of labor 24 A = 4 pounds of coffee OR = 2 pounds of nuts ay) B 3 Graph shows options 16 (lb/d " Negative slope ffee Co 8 C D 4 8 12 Nuts (lb/day) 15 © 2022 McGraw Hill. KrishaÕs Opportunity Costs " Marginal cost: Ð 8 coffee " Marginal benefit: 4 nuts Loss in coffee 24 A Gain in nuts
" Opportunity cost of 1 nut is ay) B 2 coffee 16 (lb/d " Marginal cost: Ð 8 nut ffee C " Marginal benefit: 16 coffee Co 8 Loss in nuts D Gain in coffee 4 8 12
" Opportunity cost of 1 coffee is Nuts (lb/day) ½ nut 16 © 2022 McGraw Hill.
TomÕs Production Possibilities 3 Work 6 hours per day
" Productivity determines the slope of the PPC 3 1 hour of labor = 4 pounds of nuts OR A 12 = 2 pounds of coffee " Opportunity cost B ay) 8 3 Marginal cost: Ð 4 coffee 3 Marginal benefit: 8 nuts (lb/d C " Tom's opportunity cost of ffee 4 1 coffee is 2 nuts Co D " His opportunity cost of 1 nut is ½ coffee 8 16 24 Nuts (lb/day) 17 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Tom, Meet Krisha " PPCs show comparative advantage " Krisha's curve is steeper, 24 Krisha9s PPC better for coffee " Tom's curve is flatter, ay) better for nuts 12 " Comparative advantage is fee (lb/d a comparison Tom9s PPC Cof " To get 1 coffee " Krisha gives up ½ nuts 12 24 " Tom gives up 2 nuts Nuts (lb/day) 18 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Gains from Specialization and Trade
" Without trade, each person can consume
along his production possibilities curve
3 What you produce determines what you consume
" With trade, each person's consumption can be greater than production
3 Produce according to comparative advantage 3 Trade to get what you want 19 © 2022 McGraw Hill. Gains from Specialization and Trade " Preferred diet is half nuts, half coffee Krisha and Tom 24
3 No trade: 8 pounds of coffee exchange and 8 pounds of nuts uts, 12 coffee ay) " Total output is 32 pounds " Specialization gives each 12 fee (lb/d person 12 pounds of each 8 good Cof 3 48 total pounds 8 12 24 Nuts (lb/day) 20 © 2022 McGraw Hill.