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International University, HCMCInternational University, HCMC

General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report



CHEMISTRY LABORATORYCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

REPORTREPORT

TToo:: InstructorInstructor: PhD Hoang Le Son: PhD Hoang Le Son

BioTeBioTechnology Department, chnology Department, International University, HCMCInternational University, HCMC

 General Chemistry LabGeneral Chemistry Laboratory| Fall 2!" Co#rse| St#oratory| Fall 2!" Co#rse| St#$ent %rom gro#& !'($ent %rom gro#& !'(

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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

Table o! Contents"Table o! Contents"

))iille e PPaaggee

*+&eriment !: Chemial -eations(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.*+&eriment !: Chemial -eations(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.

*+&eriment 2: &H an$ /#%%ers((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((!0*+&eriment 2: &H an$ /#%%ers((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((!0

*+&eriment .: -e$o+ )itration 1ith Mn3*+&eriment .: -e$o+ )itration 1ith Mn3

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2"((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2"

*+&eriment ": Chemial *4#ilibri#m(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((25*+&eriment ": Chemial *4#ilibri#m(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((25

*+&eriment 0: Fators 6%%eting -eation -ate(((((((((((((((((((((((((.'*+&eriment 0: Fators 6%%eting -eation -ate(((((((((((((((((((((((((.'

#$ecutive %ummary#$ecutive %ummary

)his re&ort aims to sho1 the brie% $is#ssions an$ the %inal res#lt re&resentations o%)his re&ort aims to sho1 the brie% $is#ssions an$ the %inal res#lt re&resentations o%

%ive e+&eriments $#ring the General Chemistry Laboratory o#rse( *ah %ive e+&eriments $#ring the General Chemistry Laboratory o#rse( *ah o% %iveo% %ive

e+&eriments inl#$ing the general one&ts an$ e+&eriments inl#$ing the general one&ts an$ s#b7e+&eriments in or$er to give haness#b7e+&eriments in or$er to give hanes

aessing both theories an$ &ratiing(aessing both theories an$ &ratiing(

Five main e+&eriments %ollo1e$ the ontent o%: Chemial -eations, &H an$ /#%%ers,Five main e+&eriments %ollo1e$ the ontent o%: Chemial -eations, &H an$ /#%%ers,

-e$o+ )itration 1ith Mn3-e$o+ )itration 1ith Mn3

",",

Chemial *4#ilibri#m, an$ FaChemial *4#ilibri#m, an$ Fators 6%tors 6%%eting -eation%eting -eation

-ate( )he &roess o% reor$ing hanges an$ -ate( )he &roess o% reor$ing hanges an$ observations, hemial e4#ations 1riting an$observations, hemial e4#ations 1riting an$

balaning, analy8ing $ata, al#lating o% re4#ire$ %ig#res, an$ giving sienti%ibalaning, analy8ing $ata, al#lating o% re4#ire$ %ig#res, an$ giving sienti%i

e+&lanations is &resente$ in$ivi$#ally in this &a&er a%ter ma9ing gro#& e+&eriments(e+&lanations is &resente$ in$ivi$#ally in this &a&er a%ter ma9ing gro#& e+&eriments(

References:References:

-eso#res %ollo1e$ the General Chemistry Laboratory man#al an$ Data -eso#res %ollo1e$ the General Chemistry Laboratory man#al an$ Data sheetsheet

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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

EXPERIMENT 1EXPERIMENT 1

CHEMICAL REACTIONSCHEMICAL REACTIONS

II II&&TTRR''DDUUCCTTII''&&

Chemial -eations are &roesses %orming ne1 s#bstanes base on brea9ingChemial -eations are &roesses %orming ne1 s#bstanes base on brea9ing

hemial bon$s o% the initial reatants to ma9e hemial bon$s o% the initial reatants to ma9e ne1 ones( )o st#$y the lassi%ine1 ones( )o st#$y the lassi%iation o% aation o% a

hemial reation, its nat#re an$ ty&e as hemial reation, its nat#re an$ ty&e as 1ell as the observe$ e4#ation, the 1ell as the observe$ e4#ation, the %irst%irst

e+&eriment inl#$ing  hemial reations an$ e+&eriment inl#$ing  hemial reations an$ ! %lame test is $e$iate$ to #s %or! %lame test is $e$iate$ to #s %or

ahieving:ahieving:FirstlyFirstly, to $etermine 1hether the hemial reation too9 &lay or not by, to $etermine 1hether the hemial reation too9 &lay or not by

observing vario#s &henomenons an be the olor hange, gas %orming, &rei&itation an$observing vario#s &henomenons an be the olor hange, gas %orming, &rei&itation an$

also he9 the release o% heat an$ light(also he9 the release o% heat an$ light( SecondlySecondly, to i$enti%y the &ro$#ts an$ hemial, to i$enti%y the &ro$#ts an$ hemial

hanges thro#gh %ive 9in$s o% hemial hanges thro#gh %ive 9in$s o% hemial reations inl#$ing synthesis, $eom&osition,reations inl#$ing synthesis, $eom&osition,

s#bstit#ent reation, $o#ble $is&laement an$ omb#stion( 6n$s#bstit#ent reation, $o#ble $is&laement an$ omb#stion( 6n$finallyfinally, to st#$y the, to st#$y the

1riting an$ balaning s9ills o% e+&erimental hemial e4#ations, nomenlat#re o%1riting an$ balaning s9ills o% e+&erimental hemial e4#ations, nomenlat#re o%

inorgani s#bstanes(inorgani s#bstanes(

II (R'C#DUR#"II (R'C#DUR#"

) Instruments") Instruments"

)his e+&eriment generally onsists o%  hemial e+&eriment an$ ! %lame test $iretly)his e+&eriment generally onsists o%  hemial e+&eriment an$ ! %lame test $iretly

arm to the &#r&ose o% the ob;etives( )he arm to the &#r&ose o% the ob;etives( )he Materials an$ *4#i&ments nee$e$ to aess theMaterials an$ *4#i&ments nee$e$ to aess the

1hole e+&eriments are:1hole e+&eriments are:

<)hirty test t#bes<)hirty test t#bes

<3ne test t#be ra9<3ne test t#be ra9

<)1<)1o test t#be hol$erso test t#be hol$ers

<)1<)1o s&at#laso s&at#las

<)hree 20 mL bea9ers<)hree 20 mL bea9ers

<3ne stirring ro$<3ne stirring ro$

<3ne me$iine $ro&&er<3ne me$iine $ro&&er

<6lohol lam& or /#sen b#rner<6lohol lam& or /#sen b#rner

<=a<=ater bathter bath

<3ne <3ne loo&e$ loo&e$ &latin#m &latin#m or or nihromenihrome

1ire1ire

<Label<Label

<-eagents <-eagents an$ an$ theirs theirs onentrationsonentrations

arare e mementintionone$ e$ bebelolo1 1 in in eaeah h s#s#b7b7

e+&erimentse+&eriments

B #$perimental (roce*ure"B #$perimental (roce*ure"

Pre&aring, o&erating, reor$ing the observations an$ %ollo1 the re4#irements o% eahPre&aring, o&erating, reor$ing the observations an$ %ollo1 the re4#irements o% eah

belo1 s#b7e+&eriments(belo1 s#b7e+&eriments(

+ R+ Reactieactions oons o! Cu! Cu

--

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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report



Pre&are . test t#bes 1ith ! $ro&s o% (0MPre&are . test t#bes 1ith ! $ro&s o% (0M CuSOCuSO

44((



6$$ ! $ro&s 2M6$$ ! $ro&s 2MNaOHNaOH

> 2M> 2MNHNH

OHOH

> (0M> (0MKK

[Fe(CN)[Fe(CN)

66

]]

in or$er(in or$er(

2(2( Reactions o! silver hali*esReactions o! silver hali*es

 6$$ ! $ro&s o% (!M6$$ ! $ro&s o% (!MAgNOAgNO

33

into . (0M salt sol#tions :into . (0M salt sol#tions :KCl , KBrKCl , KBr

an$an$KIKI

((

 *ah test t#be 1as $ivi$e$ into 2 test t#bes( )here%ore, 1e have*ah test t#be 1as $ivi$e$ into 2 test t#bes( )here%ore, 1e have 6 test tubes6 test tubes

labele$labele$ #1-3A#1-3Aan$an$ #1-3B#1-3B((

 6$$ 0 $ro&s o% 2M6$$ 0 $ro&s o% 2MNHNH

OHOHto . $i%%erent sol#tions ?!7.6(to . $i%%erent sol#tions ?!7.6(

 6$$ 0 $ro&s o% 2M6$$ 0 $ro&s o% 2MKCNKCNto . remain sol#tion ?!7./(to . remain sol#tion ?!7./(

.(.( Reactions o! HReactions o! H



 Pre&are 2 test t#bes 1ith 0 $ro&s o% (!MPre&are 2 test t#bes 1ith 0 $ro&s o% (!MK!OK!O

(!M(!MKIKIsol#tions(sol#tions(

 6i$i%y 2 this sol#tions 1ith 0 $ro&s o% 2M6i$i%y 2 this sol#tions 1ith 0 $ro&s o% 2MHH

SOSO

44

an$ then a$$ 0 $ro&s o% .@an$ then a$$ 0 $ro&s o% .@

HH

sol#tion( -eor$ the hange o% olor an$ the release$ gas(sol#tion( -eor$ the hange o% olor an$ the release$ gas(

 6 &inh o% soli$6 &inh o% soli$!O!O

""

1as a$$e$ into ! ml o% .@1as a$$e$ into ! ml o% .@HH

sol#tion(sol#tion(

. Reactions o! &itrate. Reactions o! &itrate



6 ! ml o% sat#rate$6 ! ml o% sat#rate$ FeSOFeSO

1as a$$e$ into a test t#be 1hih ha$ ontaine$ ! ml1as a$$e$ into a test t#be 1hih ha$ ontaine$ ! ml

o% ! Mo% ! MNaNONaNO

sol#tion( S#%%iient amo#nt o% onentrate$ s#l%#ri ai$ A5'@Bsol#tion( S#%%iient amo#nt o% onentrate$ s#l%#ri ai$ A5'@B

1as &o#re$ are%#lly $o1n the insi$e 1all o% this test t#be( 3bserve an$ reor$1as &o#re$ are%#lly $o1n the insi$e 1all o% this test t#be( 3bserve an$ reor$

the hange o% olor at the inter%ae bet1een the nitrate sol#tion an$ thethe hange o% olor at the inter%ae bet1een the nitrate sol#tion an$ the

onentrate$ s#l%#ri ai$ a%ter a %e1 seon$s(onentrate$ s#l%#ri ai$ a%ter a %e1 seon$s(



NaNONaNO

1as s#bstit#te$ %or FeS31as s#bstit#te$ %or FeS3



Aet$ a$Aet$ a$%% 1as s#bstit#te %or H1as s#bstit#te %or H

S3S3

"("(

-eor$ the observation an$ then om&are-eor$ the observation an$ then om&are

1ith the system(1ith the system(

0(0( Reactions o! /Mn'Reactions o! /Mn'



Pre&are . lean test t#bes labele$ %rom !7. 1ith !$ro&s o% (0MPre&are . lean test t#bes labele$ %rom !7. 1ith !$ro&s o% (0MNaNa

SOSO

4&4&



6$$ 0 $ro&s o% %ollo1ing reagents : 2M6$$ 0 $ro&s o% %ollo1ing reagents : 2MHH

SOSO

44,,

''NaOH,NaOH,%$st$lle% 'ater&%$st$lle% 'ater&



6$$ 0 $ro&s o% (!M Mn36$$ 0 $ro&s o% (!M Mn3

to eah test t#bes( 3bserve the hangeto eah test t#bes( 3bserve the hange

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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

0 Reaction o! (otassium Dichromate 1/0 Reaction o! (otassium Dichromate 1/



CrCr





6$$ %ollo1ing reatants in or$er in to a test t#be : (0M 6$$ %ollo1ing reatants in or$er in to a test t#be : (0M 

CrCr

,,

! $ro&s o% 'M! $ro&s o% 'M

S3S3

",",

0 $ro&s o% C0 $ro&s o% C

3H( 3bserve the hange(3H( 3bserve the hange(

((

ReacReactiotions o! ns o! 4e4e

- - anan* 4* 4ee

--



Pre&are  test t#bes 1ith !ml o% (0M FeClPre&are  test t#bes 1ith !ml o% (0M FeCl

.(.(



6$$ 0 $ro&s o% %ollo1ing reagents : (0 M C, (!M SC, 2  3H, (0M6$$ 0 $ro&s o% %ollo1ing reagents : (0 M C, (!M SC, 2  3H, (0M



EFeACBEFeACB

, 2M H, 2M H

3H( -eor$ the observation(3H( -eor$ the observation(



Do the same 2 ste&s above by re&laing FeClDo the same 2 ste&s above by re&laing FeCl

1ith FeS31ith FeS3

"("(

6 6 ReactReactions ions o! )lo! )l

5-5-

 Divi$e 2 sol#tions 1hih have ! $ro&s (0 M o% 6lDivi$e 2 sol#tions 1hih have ! $ro&s (0 M o% 6l

AS3AS3

an$ 0 $ro&s 2 a3H(an$ 0 $ro&s 2 a3H(

 6$$ ! $ro&s o% 2M HCl 6$$ ! $ro&s o% 2M HCl into test t#bes !(into test t#bes !(

 6$$ ! $ro&s o% 2 a3H 6$$ ! $ro&s o% 2 a3H into trst t#be 2(3bserve the hangeinto trst t#be 2(3bserve the hange

7 4lame Test7 4lame Test

  )he /#nsen b#rner )he /#nsen b#rner 1as lit 1as lit %irst(%irst(

  6%ter a loo&e$ 1ire 1as 6%ter a loo&e$ 1ire 1as $i&&e$ into the sol#tions $i&&e$ into the sol#tions s#&&lie$, it 1as ontin#e hel$s#&&lie$, it 1as ontin#e hel$

in the /#nsen b#rner %lame( Flame olor 1o#l$ be observe$ an$ reor$e$in the /#nsen b#rner %lame( Flame olor 1o#l$ be observe$ an$ reor$e$

are%#lly(are%#lly(

 )he %re4#eny ACB an$ energyA*B o% the &hotons 1o#l$ be al#late$ $#ring the)he %re4#eny ACB an$ energyA*B o% the &hotons 1o#l$ be al#late$ $#ring the

%lame tests by #sing the 1avelengthsA%lame tests by #sing the 1avelengthsA



B sho1n belo1(B sho1n belo1(

Dominant ColorDominant Color

6&&ro+imate6&&ro+imate

1avelength AnmB1avelength AnmB

DDoommiinnaannt t CCoolloorr 66&&&&rroo++iimmaattee

1avelength AnmB1avelength AnmB

--ee$$ !! GGrreeeenn 00..00

--ee$$77oorraannggee ''2222 GGrreeeenn77//ll##ee ""5522

33rraannggee ''55 //ll##ee """"



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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

33rraannggee77yyeelllloo11 0055 //ll##ee77vviioolleett ""0000

eelllloo11 00 iioolleett ""22..

eelllloo1177ggrreeeenn 00

&ote"&ote"J=aJ=avelength val#es 1ere given velength val#es 1ere given %or mi$7range o% the olor in$iate$(%or mi$7range o% the olor in$iate$(

J)he e4#ation re&resents the relationshi& bet1een the 1avelength, %re4#eny an$ theJ)he e4#ation re&resents the relationshi& bet1een the 1avelength, %re4#eny an$ the

s&ee$ o% an eletromagneti 1ave :s&ee$ o% an eletromagneti 1ave :

J)he energy &er &hoton Ain Ko#lesB is given by the e4#ation:J)he energy &er &hoton Ain Ko#lesB is given by the e4#ation:

=here h is Plan9s onstant an$ h has a val#e o% =here h is Plan9s onstant an$ h has a val#e o% '('2' !'('2' !

7."7."

K(sK(s

IIIIII(( R#%ULT% )&D DI%CU%%I'&%"R#%ULT% )&D DI%CU%%I'&%"

+ Reactions o! Cu+ Reactions o! Cu

--

RReeaaccttiioonn ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l ##88uuaattiioonn

9:M Cu%'9:M Cu%'

- M &a'H- M &a'H

)he %ormation o% bl#e)he %ormation o% bl#e

&rei&itation an$&rei&itation an$

olloi$al &henomena(olloi$al &henomena(

C#S3C#S3

"Aa4B"Aa4B

N 2a3HN 2a3H

Aa4BAa4B

O C#A3HBO C#A3HB

 Na Na

S3S3

"Aa4B"Aa4B

ADo#ble $is&laement reationBADo#ble $is&laement reationB

9:M Cu%'9:M Cu%'

- M &H- M &H

'H'H

6%ter being %orme$,6%ter being %orme$,

the bl#e &rei&itationthe bl#e &rei&itation

$issolve$ an$ the$issolve$ an$ the

sol#tion t#rns intosol#tion t#rns into

violet olor(violet olor(

C#S3C#S3

N 2HN 2H

N 2HN 2H

3 O C#A3HB3 O C#A3HB

 N AH N AH

S3S3

C#A3HBC#A3HB

22

N "HN "H

O EC#AH.BO EC#AH.B

A3HBA3HB

QRQRC#S3C#S3

N 'HN 'H

N 2HN 2H

3 O AH3 O AH

S3S3

EC#AHEC#AH

A3HBA3HB

ADo#ble $is&laement reationBADo#ble $is&laement reationB

9:M Cu%'9:M Cu%'

- 9:M- 9:M

//

;4e1C&3;4e1C&3

Formation o% re$7Formation o% re$7

bro1n &rei&itationbro1n &rei&itation

an$ the olloi$alan$ the olloi$al

&henomena&henomena

2C#S32C#S3

N N 

EFeACBEFeACB

 O C# O C#

EFeACBEFeACB

 N 2 N 2

S3S3

ADo#ble $is&laement reationBADo#ble $is&laement reationB

)nalysis")nalysis"

C Q   vC Q   v **

&hoton&hoton

Qh vQh v



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International University, HCMCInternational University, HCMC

General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

)he %eat#re o% C#)he %eat#re o% C#

2N2N

is it an reat 1ith 3His it an reat 1ith 3H

%orm a bl#e &rei&itation(%orm a bl#e &rei&itation(

)he sol#tion C#A3HB)he sol#tion C#A3HB

also reat 1ith Halso reat 1ith H

3H to %orm a om&le+ om&o#n$ so that the3H to %orm a om&le+ om&o#n$ so that the

reation 2 has the violet olor at the en$(reation 2 has the violet olor at the en$(

)he last &rei&itate sol#tion has re$ bro1n olor bea#se )he last &rei&itate sol#tion has re$ bro1n olor bea#se the sol#tion is a om&o#n$the sol#tion is a om&o#n$

onsists o% Feonsists o% Fe

.N(.N(

Do#ble $is&laement reation o#rs 1hen &art oDo#ble $is&laement reation o#rs 1hen &art o% one reatant is re&lae$ by &% one reatant is re&lae$ by &art o%art o%

another reatantanother reatant

 Reactions o! silver hali*es Reactions o! silver hali*es

RReeaaccttiioonn ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l ##88uuaattiioonn

9:M /Cl -9:M /Cl -

9+M )g&'9+M )g&'

Formation o% 1hiteFormation o% 1hite

&rei&itation&rei&itation

ClCl

Aa4BAa4B

N 6g3N 6g3

.Aa4B.Aa4B

O 6gCl N 3O 6gCl N 3

.Aa4B.Aa4B

APrei&itation reationBAPrei&itation reationB

9:M /Cl-9:M /Cl-

9+M9+M

)g&')g&'

- M- M

&H&H

'H'H

=hite &rei&itation, a%ter=hite &rei&itation, a%ter

a$$ing Ha$$ing H

3H, the3H, the

&rei&itation $oes not&rei&itation $oes not

$issolve$($issolve$(

Cl N 6g3Cl N 6g3

O 6gCl N 3O 6gCl N 3

6gCl N 2H6gCl N 2H

3H3H

Aa4BAa4B

O O E6gAHE6gAH

ClCl

Aa4BAa4B

N N 2 2 HH

ACom&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingBACom&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingB

9:M /Cl-9:M /Cl-

9+M9+M

)g&')g&'

- M- M

/C&/C&

=hite &rei&itation, a%ter=hite &rei&itation, a%ter

a$$ing C, the reationa$$ing C, the reation

o#rs 4#i9ly, theo#rs 4#i9ly, the

&rei&itation om&letely&rei&itation om&letely

$issolve$ an$ the$issolve$ an$ the

sol#tion beomessol#tion beomes

olorlessolorless

Cl N 6g3Cl N 6g3

O 6gCl N 3O 6gCl N 3

6gCl N C O 26gACB6gCl N C O 26gACB

N ClN Cl

ACom&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingBACom&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingB

9:M /Br9:M /Br

- 9+M- 9+M

)g&')g&'

Formation o% yello1Formation o% yello1

&rei&itation&rei&itation

/r N 6g3/r N 6g3

O 6g/r N 3O 6g/r N 3

APrei&itation reationBAPrei&itation reationB

9:M /Br-9:M /Br-

9+M )g&'9+M )g&'

- M- M

&H&H

'H'H

ello1 &rei&itation,ello1 &rei&itation,

a%ter a$$ing Ha%ter a$$ing H

3H, the3H, the

&rei&itation $oes not&rei&itation $oes not

$issolve$($issolve$(

/r N 6g3/r N 6g3

O 6g/r N 3O 6g/r N 3

6g/r N 2H6g/r N 2H

3H O no reation3H O no reation

9:M /Br-9:M /Br-

9+M )g&'9+M )g&'

- M /C&- M /C&

Pale yello1 &rei&itation,Pale yello1 &rei&itation,

a%ter a$$ing C, thea%ter a$$ing C, the

reation o#rs reation o#rs 4#i9ly,4#i9ly,

6g/r N C O 26g ACB6g/r N C O 26g ACB

 N N /r/r

ACom&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingBACom&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingB



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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

&rei&itation om&letely&rei&itation om&letely

$issolve$ an$ the %l#i$$issolve$ an$ the %l#i$

beomes olorlessbeomes olorless

9:M /I-9:M /I-

9+M )g&'9+M )g&'

PaPale le yeyellllo1 &o1 &rereii&i&itatatitionon I I N 6N 6gg33

O 6gI N 3O 6gI N 3

APrei&itation reationBAPrei&itation reationB

9:M /I-9:M /I-

9+M9+M

)g&'5 -)g&'5 -

M &HM &H

'H'H

ello1 &rei&itation,ello1 &rei&itation,

a%ter a$$ing Ha%ter a$$ing H

3H, the3H, the

&rei&itation $oes not&rei&itation $oes not

$issolve$($issolve$(

I N 6g3I N 6g3

O 6gI N 3O 6gI N 3

6gI N H6gI N H

3H O no reation3H O no reation

9:M /I-9:M /I-

9+M )g&'9+M )g&'

- M /C&- M /C&

Pale yello1 &rei&itation,Pale yello1 &rei&itation,

a%ter a$$ing C, thea%ter a$$ing C, the

reation o#rs reation o#rs 4#i9ly,4#i9ly,

&rei&itation om&lete&rei&itation om&lete

$issolve$ an$ the %l#i$$issolve$ an$ the %l#i$

beomes olorlessbeomes olorless

I N 6g3I N 6g3

O 6gI N 3O 6gI N 3

6gI N C O 26g ACB6gI N C O 26g ACB

N IN I

ACom&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingBACom&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingB

)nalysis")nalysis"

6ll . e+&eriments are &rove$ the &ro&erties o% silver hali$es, 1hih 6ll . e+&eriments are &rove$ the &ro&erties o% silver hali$es, 1hih is :is :

Forming &rei&itate 1hen reats 1ith salt(Forming &rei&itate 1hen reats 1ith salt(

6ll 9in$ o% &rei&itate $issolve$ in C li4#i$ an$ the li4#i$ beame olorless(6ll 9in$ o% &rei&itate $issolve$ in C li4#i$ an$ the li4#i$ beame olorless(

)he Com&le+ om&o#n$ %orming an$ )he Com&le+ om&o#n$ %orming an$ &rei&itation reation is $etermine$ by this&rei&itation reation is $etermine$ by this

e+&erimente+&eriment

5 Reactions o! H5 Reactions o! H





RReeaaccttiioonn ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l ##88uuaattiioonn

9+M9+M

/Mn'/Mn'

- M- M



%'%'



)he sol#tion initially has)he sol#tion initially has

violet an$ $oes notviolet an$ $oes not

hange 1hen a$$inghange 1hen a$$ing

S3S3

, b#t it beomes, b#t it beomes

olorless 1hen a$$ingolorless 1hen a$$ing

an$ releases heatan$ releases heat

2Mn32Mn3

N .HN .H

S3S3

N 0HN 0H

O O 

S3S3

NN

2MnS32MnS3

N HN H

3 N 033 N 03



Ao+i$ation7re$#tion reationBAo+i$ation7re$#tion reationB

9+M /I-9+M /I-

M HM H



%'%'

)he sol#tion initially has)he sol#tion initially has

violet an$ $oes notviolet an$ $oes not

2I N H2I N H

S3S3

N HN H

O O 

S3S3

N 2HN 2H

3 N I3 N I





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International University, HCMCInternational University, HCMC

General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report



hange 1hen a$$inghange 1hen a$$ing

S3S3

, the sol#tion t#rns, the sol#tion t#rns

yello17bro1n an$ hasyello17bro1n an$ has

yello1ish bro1nyello1ish bro1n

&rei&itate(&rei&itate(

Ao+i$ation7re$#tion reationBAo+i$ation7re$#tion reationB



- Mn'- Mn'



)he bla9 soli$ $oes not)he bla9 soli$ $oes not

$issolve( -eleasing gas$issolve( -eleasing gas

an$ heat(an$ heat(

Mn3Mn3

N 2HN 2H

O Mn3O Mn3

 N 3 N 3

N 2HN 2H

Ao+i$ation7re$#tion reationBAo+i$ation7re$#tion reationB

)nalysis")nalysis"

&lay roles as an o+i$i8ing agent an$ it ;oin in the re$o+ reation to e+hange&lay roles as an o+i$i8ing agent an$ it ;oin in the re$o+ reation to e+hange

eletion, res#lts in hanging o% o+i$ation n#mber(eletion, res#lts in hanging o% o+i$ation n#mber(

. Reactions o! &itrate. Reactions o! &itrate

RReeaaccttiioon n ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l RReeaaccttiioonn

+M &a&'+M &a&'

4e%'4e%'



-H-H



%'%'

170=3170=3

)he sol#tion hanges)he sol#tion hanges

olor %rom light green toolor %rom light green to

bro1n( )he reationbro1n( )he reation

releases heat an$releases heat an$

smelle$, olorless7gas,smelle$, olorless7gas,

t#rning bro1n gas att#rning bro1n gas at

inter%ae A3Binter%ae A3B

'FeS3'FeS3

N 2a3N 2a3

N "HN "H

S3S3

O .FeO .Fe

AS3AS3

NN

aa

S3S3

N "HN "H

3 N 233 N 23

3 N T 33 N T 3

O 3O 3

Are$o+ reationBAre$o+ reationB

+M &a&'+M &a&'

&a&'&a&'



%'%'

170=3170=3

)he sol#tion is still)he sol#tion is still

olorless(olorless(

a3a3

N a3N a3

N HN H

S3S3

O no reationO no reation

+M &a&'+M &a&'

4e%'4e%'

CHCH

C''HC''H

)he sol#tion is still)he sol#tion is still

olorless(olorless(

FeS3FeS3

N CHN CH

C33H N a3C33H N a3

O no reationO no reation

)nalysis")nalysis"

itrate om&o#n$ is the o+i$i8ing agent an$ the o+i$ation n#mber  atom 1ill beitrate om&o#n$ is the o+i$i8ing agent an$ the o+i$ation n#mber  atom 1ill be

re$#e$ as the %ormation o% gasesre$#e$ as the %ormation o% gases

First reation : li4#i$ is bro1n bea#se it has HFirst reation : li4#i$ is bro1n bea#se it has H

an$ 3an$ 3

is the o+i$i8ing agents, so thatis the o+i$i8ing agents, so that

FeFe

2N2N

1as re$#e$ to be Fe1as re$#e$ to be Fe

.N.N

an$ the salt Fean$ the salt Fe

.N.N

has bro1n olor( Ho1ever, 1hen $oing thishas bro1n olor( Ho1ever, 1hen $oing this

e+&eriment, 1e $i$ not a$$ eno#gh FeS3e+&eriment, 1e $i$ not a$$ eno#gh FeS3

so that the olor o% the li4#i$ $i$ not hange(so that the olor o% the li4#i$ $i$ not hange(



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International University, HCMCInternational University, HCMC

General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

)1)1o another reations $i$ not oo another reations $i$ not o#r bea#se they are la9 #r bea#se they are la9 o% o+i$i8ing an$ re$#ingo% o+i$i8ing an$ re$#ing

agents(agents(

::(( Reactions o! /Mn'Reactions o! /Mn'

RReeaaccttiioonn ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l ##88uuaattiioonn

9:M9:M

&a&a



%'%'

- M- M



%'%'

- 9+M- 9+M

/Mn'/Mn'

)he sol#tion hanges)he sol#tion hanges

olor %rom &#r&le toolor %rom &#r&le to

trans&arent(trans&arent(

0a0a

S3S3

N 2Mn3N 2Mn3

N .HN .H

S3S3

O 2MnS3O 2MnS3

NN



S3S3

N 0aN 0a

S3S3

N.HN.H

Are$o+ reationBAre$o+ reationB

9:M9:M

&a&a



%'%'

- 0&- 0&

&a'H- 9+M&a'H- 9+M

/Mn'/Mn'

)he sol#tion hanges)he sol#tion hanges

olor %rom &#r&le toolor %rom &#r&le to

bl#e green(bl#e green(

aa

S3S3

N 2a3H N 2Mn3N 2a3H N 2Mn3

O O 

Mn3Mn3

NN

aa

S3S3

N aN a

Mn3Mn3

NHNH

Are$o+ reationBAre$o+ reationB

9:M &a9:M &a



%'%'

- H- H



)he sol#tion hanges)he sol#tion hanges

olor %rom &#r&le toolor %rom &#r&le to

yello17bro1n an$yello17bro1n an$

a&&ears bla9 &rei&itatea&&ears bla9 &rei&itate

.a.a

S3S3

N 2Mn3N 2Mn3

N HN H

3 O 2Mn33 O 2Mn3

 N N

.a.a

S3S3

N 23HN 23H

A-e$o+ reationBA-e$o+ reationB

)nalysis")nalysis" Mn3Mn3

is the o+i$i8ing agent bea#se highest o+i$ation n#mber N o% Mnis the o+i$i8ing agent bea#se highest o+i$ation n#mber N o% Mn

Mn3Mn3

in ai$ environment is %orme$ into salt Mnin ai$ environment is %orme$ into salt Mn

2N2N

an$ an$ 

((

Mn3Mn3

in ne#tral environment is %orme$ into Mn3in ne#tral environment is %orme$ into Mn3

A$ar9 bro1n soli$B an$ 3HA$ar9 bro1n soli$B an$ 3H

Mn3Mn3

in base environment is %orme$ into in base environment is %orme$ into 

Mn3Mn3

Abro1nBAbro1nB..

0 Reaction o! (otassium Dichromate 1/0 Reaction o! (otassium Dichromate 1/



CrCr



RReeaaccttiioonn ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l ##88uuaattiioonn

M /M /



CrCr



0M H0M H



%'%'



'H'H

=hen &o#r C=hen &o#r C

3H3H

into the sol#tion, itinto the sol#tion, it

hanges olor %romhanges olor %rom

orange to trans&arent,orange to trans&arent,

an$ 1hen &o#t Han$ 1hen &o#t H

S3S3



into the mi+t#re, itinto the mi+t#re, it

hanges olor %romhanges olor %rom

22

CrCr



N HN H

S3S3

N .CN .C

3H O3H O

2Cr2Cr

AS3AS3

N .CHN .CH

C33H N 2C33H N 2

S3S3

N !!HN !!H

A3+i$ation reationBA3+i$ation reationB



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International University, HCMCInternational University, HCMC

General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

trans&arent to $ee& bl#e(trans&arent to $ee& bl#e(

)nalysis")nalysis"

)he reation is a o+i$ation o% alohol by )he reation is a o+i$ation o% alohol by 

CrCr



, , 

CrCr



is an o+i$i8ing agent( )heis an o+i$i8ing agent( )he

hange in olor is an &henomenon o% o+i$ation(hange in olor is an &henomenon o% o+i$ation(

22

) Reactions o! 4e) Reactions o! 4e

5-5-

RReeaaccttiioonn ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l ##88uuaattiioonn

9:M 4eCl9:M 4eCl

9:M /C&9:M /C&

Dar9 green sol#tionDar9 green sol#tion

FeClFeCl

N 'C O N 'C O 

EFeACBEFeACB





N .ClN .Cl

Aom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationBAom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationB

9:M 4eCl9:M 4eCl

9+M /%C&9+M /%C&

DDaarr9 9 rree$ $ ssooll##ttiioonn FFeeCCll

N 'SC O N 'SC O 

EFeASCBEFeASCB

 N .Cl N .Cl

Aom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationBAom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationB

9:M 4eCl9:M 4eCl

M /'HM /'H

Formation o% bro1nFormation o% bro1n

&rei&itate&rei&itate

FeClFeCl

N .3H O FeA3HBN .3H O FeA3HB

..

N .ClN .Cl

A&rei&itation reationBA&rei&itation reationB

9:M 4eCl9:M 4eCl

9:M9:M

//

;4e1C&3;4e1C&3

Formation o% $ar9 bl#eFormation o% $ar9 bl#e

&rei&itate an$ sti9y&rei&itate an$ sti9y

sol#tion(sol#tion(

"FeCl"FeCl

N .N .

EFeACBEFeACB

 O Fe O Fe

EFeACBEFeACB





NN

!2Cl!2Cl

A&rei&itation reationBA&rei&itation reationB

9:M 4eCl9:M 4eCl

M &HM &H

'H'H

Formation o% yello17Formation o% yello17

bro1n &rei&itatebro1n &rei&itate

FeClFeCl

N .HN .H

3H O FeA3HB3H O FeA3HB

 N .H N .H

ClCl

A&rei&itation reationBA&rei&itation reationB

)nalysis")nalysis"

6ll these hemial reation are to sho1 the 6ll these hemial reation are to sho1 the &ro&erty o% Fe&ro&erty o% Fe

.N.N

to %orm bro1n &rei&itate an$to %orm bro1n &rei&itate an$

om&le+ om&o#n$om&le+ om&o#n$

2 B Reactions o! 4e2 B Reactions o! 4e

--



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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

RReeaaccttiioonn ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l ##88uuaattiioonn

9:M 4e%'9:M 4e%'

9:M /C&9:M /C&

DDaarr9 9 ggrreeeen n ssooll##ttiioonn FFeeSS33

N 'C O N 'C O 

EFeACBEFeACB

 N  N 

S3S3

Aom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationBAom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationB

9:M 4e%'9:M 4e%'

9+M /%C&9+M /%C&

Formation o% $ar9 re$Formation o% $ar9 re$

&rei&itate&rei&itate

FeS3FeS3

N 'SC O N 'SC O 

EFeASCBEFeASCB

 N  N 

S3S3

Aom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationBAom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationB

9:M 4e%'9:M 4e%'

M /'HM /'H

Formation o% 1hite bl#eFormation o% 1hite bl#e

&rei&itate an$&rei&itate an$

$isa&&ear right a1ay$isa&&ear right a1ay

FeS3FeS3

N 23H O FeA3HBN 23H O FeA3HB

 N  N 

S3S3

11&rei&itation reationB&rei&itation reationB

"FeA3HB"FeA3HB

N 2HN 2H

3 N 33 N 3

O FeA3HBO FeA3HB

9:M 4e%'9:M 4e%'

9:M9:M

//

;4e1C&3;4e1C&3

Formation o% 1hiteFormation o% 1hite

&rei&itate&rei&itate

2FeS32FeS3

N N 

EFeACBEFeACB

 O Fe O Fe

EFeACBEFeACB

 N N

22

S3S3

&rei&itation reationB&rei&itation reationB

9:M 4e%'9:M 4e%'

M &HM &H

'H'H

Formation o% 1hite bl#eFormation o% 1hite bl#e

&rei&itate at %irst, then&rei&itate at %irst, then

it $issolve$ an$it $issolve$ an$

sol#tions beomes lightsol#tions beomes light

yello1(yello1(

FeS3FeS3

N 2HN 2H

3H O AH3H O AH

S3S3

N FeA3HBN FeA3HB



11&rei&itation reationB&rei&itation reationB

FeA3HBFeA3HB

N "HN "H

3H O EFeAH.B3H O EFeAH.B

A3HBA3HB

NN

"H"H

Aom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationBAom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationB

)nalysis")nalysis"

6ll these hemial reation are to sho1 the 6ll these hemial reation are to sho1 the &ro&erty o% Fe&ro&erty o% Fe

2N2N

to %orm bro1n &rei&itate an$to %orm bro1n &rei&itate an$

om&le+ om&o#n$om&le+ om&o#n$

6 Reactions o! )l6 Reactions o! )l

5-5-

RReeaaccttiioonn ''bbsseerrvvaattiioonn CChheemmiiccaal l ##88uuaattiioonn

9:M9:M

)l)l



1%'1%'

- M- M

&a'H&a'H

Formation o% olloi$alFormation o% olloi$al

1hite &rei&itate1hite &rei&itate

6l6l

AS3AS3

N 'a3H O .aN 'a3H O .a

S3S3

NN

26lA3HB26lA3HB



11&rei&itation reationB&rei&itation reationB



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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

9:M9:M

)l)l



1%'1%'

- &- &

&a'H- M&a'H- M

HClHCl

Colloi$al 1hiteColloi$al 1hite

&rei&itate is $issolve$&rei&itate is $issolve$

gra$#ally an$ thegra$#ally an$ the

sol#tions beomessol#tions beomes

olorlessolorless

6l6l

AS3AS3

N 'a3H O .aN 'a3H O .a

S3S3

NN

26lA3HB26lA3HB



26lA3HB26lA3HB

N 'HCl O 26lClN 'HCl O 26lCl

N .HN .H

Aai$base reationBAai$base reationB

9:M9:M

)l)l



1%'1%'

- M- M

&a'H- M&a'H- M

&a'H&a'H

Colloi$al 1hiteColloi$al 1hite

&rei&itate inreases&rei&itate inreases

into ma+im#m amo#ntinto ma+im#m amo#nt

an$ it is $issolve$, thean$ it is $issolve$, the

sol#tions beomessol#tions beomes

olorlessolorless

6lA3HB6lA3HB

N a3H O a6l3N a3H O a6l3

N 2H23N 2H23

Aom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationBAom&le+ om&o#n$ %orming reationB

)nalysis")nalysis"

6ll these hemial reation are to sho1 6ll these hemial reation are to sho1 the &ro&erty o% 6lthe &ro&erty o% 6l

.N.N

that havethat have

am&hoteri behavior thro#gh ai$base, &rei&itation an$ om&le+ om&o#n$ %ormingam&hoteri behavior thro#gh ai$base, &rei&itation an$ om&le+ om&o#n$ %orming

reations(reations(

73 4lame Test"73 4lame Test"

%%oolluuttiioonn DDoommiinnaannt t !!llaammee

colorcolor

>ave length>ave length

1m31m3

4re8uency4re8uency

1s1s

?+?+

(hoton energy(hoton energy

1@31@3

LLiiCCll 33rraannggee ''((5 5 + + !!

77

"(2 + !"(2 + !

!"!"

2(" + !2(" + !

7!57!5

aClaCl 3range7e3range7ello1llo1 0(5 + !0(5 + !

77

0(!! + !0(!! + !

!"!"

.(.5 + !.(.5 + !

7!57!5

CCll iioolleett ""((22. . + + !!

77

(5 + !(5 + !

!"!"

."( + !."( + !

7!57!5

CaClCaCl

--ee$$7733rraannggee ''((222 2 + + !!

77

"(2 + !"(2 + !

!"!"

.(2 + !.(2 + !

7!57!5

/aCl/aCl

eelllloo1177ggrreeeenn 00((  + + !!

77

0('! + !0('! + !

!"!"

.(2 + !.(2 + !

7!57!5

Data CalculationData Calculation

6or$ing to the %orm#la:6or$ing to the %orm#la: CC

$$

For the LiClFor the LiCl

)he %re4#eny o% LiCl 1hen ho)he %re4#eny o% LiCl 1hen hol$ it in the /#nsen b#rner %lame :l$ it in the /#nsen b#rner %lame :



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International University, HCMCInternational University, HCMC

General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

νν

Q CQ CλλQ .+!Q .+!



 ! + ! ! + !

7575

Q "(2 + !Q "(2 + !

!"!"

AsAs

7!7!

)he Photon energy o% LiCl:)he Photon energy o% LiCl:

 * * Q Q h h ++

ννQ '('2' + !Q '('2' + !

7."7."

+ "(2 + !+ "(2 + !

!"!"

Q 2(" + !Q 2(" + !

7!57!5

AKBAKB

6&&lying the same %or the rest s#bstane6&&lying the same %or the rest s#bstane

)nalysis")nalysis"

6 %lame test is a &roe$#re #se$ to test 4#alitatively %or the &resene o% ertain metals in6 %lame test is a &roe$#re #se$ to test 4#alitatively %or the &resene o% ertain metals in

hemial om&o#n$s( =hen the om&o#n$ to be st#$ie$ is e+ite$ by heating it in ahemial om&o#n$s( =hen the om&o#n$ to be st#$ie$ is e+ite$ by heating it in a

%lame, the metal ions 1ill begin to emit light( /ase$ o%lame, the metal ions 1ill begin to emit light( /ase$ on the emission s&etr#m o% then the emission s&etr#m o% the

element, the om&o#n$ 1ill t#rn the %lame a element, the om&o#n$ 1ill t#rn the %lame a harateristi olor(harateristi olor(

I C'&CLU%I'&"I C'&CLU%I'&"

In this e+&eriment laboratory 1e have hanes In this e+&eriment laboratory 1e have hanes to observe$ the hanges to observe$ the hanges in $i%%erent ty&ein $i%%erent ty&e

o% reations an$ the &ro&erties o% some ommon o% reations an$ the &ro&erties o% some ommon element as 1ell as its role in s&ei%ielement as 1ell as its role in s&ei%i

reations( *ah o% ty&es o% reation have reations( *ah o% ty&es o% reation have $istint nat#res an$ it is &ossible to $etermine$istint nat#res an$ it is &ossible to $etermine

thro#gh the hanges a%ter the reation o#rs an$ theoretially e4#ations(thro#gh the hanges a%ter the reation o#rs an$ theoretially e4#ations(

EXPERIMENT 2EXPERIMENT 2

pH AND BUFFERSpH AND BUFFERS

I I&TR'DUCTI'&I I&TR'DUCTI'&

)his e+&eriment &rovi$e #s the metho$ to ontrol or e4#ilibri#m the system by the &H)his e+&eriment &rovi$e #s the metho$ to ontrol or e4#ilibri#m the system by the &H

val#e( It is very im&ortant %or organisms to maintain a stable &H( /iologial mole#lesval#e( It is very im&ortant %or organisms to maintain a stable &H( /iologial mole#les

s#h as &roteins %#ntion only at a ertain &H level an$ any hanges in &H an res#lt ins#h as &roteins %#ntion only at a ertain &H level an$ any hanges in &H an res#lt in

them not %#ntioning &ro&erly()he onentration o% Hthem not %#ntioning &ro&erly()he onentration o% H

in the sol#tion tells ho1 ai$i orin the sol#tion tells ho1 ai$i or

al9aline a s#bstane is an$ it is inter&rete$ by the &H, an$ b#%%ers is the sol#tion toal9aline a s#bstane is an$ it is inter&rete$ by the &H, an$ b#%%ers is the sol#tion to

maintain this val#e( )he strong or 1ea9 baseai$ an$ the ne#tral sol#tion have $i%%erentmaintain this val#e( )he strong or 1ea9 baseai$ an$ the ne#tral sol#tion have $i%%erent

&H val#e an$ 1e &H val#e an$ 1e an 9no1 more aan 9no1 more abo#t this as 1ell as al#lations relate$ bo#t this as 1ell as al#lations relate$ to &H val#e, orto &H val#e, or

ho1 b#%%ers ontrol the &H thro#gh this e+&eriment(ho1 b#%%ers ontrol the &H thro#gh this e+&eriment(

II (R'C#DUR#II (R'C#DUR#

) Instruments") Instruments"

)hree !0 mL bea9ers)hree !0 mL bea9ers

)hree 20 mL brea9ers)hree 20 mL brea9ers

3ne ! mL vol#metri &i&et3ne ! mL vol#metri &i&et

3ne ! mL grat#ate$ &i&et3ne ! mL grat#ate$ &i&et



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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

Magneti stirrer an$ stir barMagneti stirrer an$ stir bar

&H meter&H meter

=ater bath=ater bath

3ne stirring ro$3ne stirring ro$

3ne me$iine $ro&&er3ne me$iine $ro&&er

B (roce*ure"B (roce*ure"

%ystem +" DeioniEe* Fater%ystem +" DeioniEe* Fater

 =e have abo#t !0 mL o% $eioni8e$ boile$ %or ! min#tes in a 20 mL bea9er=e have abo#t !0 mL o% $eioni8e$ boile$ %or ! min#tes in a 20 mL bea9er

an$ then oole$ to room tem&erat#re(an$ then oole$ to room tem&erat#re(

 )he ne+t ste& is to &o#r abo#)he ne+t ste& is to &o#r abo#t 0 mL o% the room tem&erat#re 1ater into a !t 0 mL o% the room tem&erat#re 1ater into a !0 mL0 mL

bea9er( )hen bea9er( )hen 1e 1e a$$ a$$ a a stir bstir bar ar to to the the bea9er bea9er an$ an$ &lae &lae the the bea9er bea9er on on a a magnetimagneti

bar stirrerbar stirrer( 6( 6ssemble &H meter(ssemble &H meter(

 =e reor$ the &H val#e an$ then s1irl the 1ater 1ith the magneti stirrer %or=e reor$ the &H val#e an$ then s1irl the 1ater 1ith the magneti stirrer %or

abo#t 2 seon$s( -eor$ the &H again an$ re&eat the stirring an$ meas#rementabo#t 2 seon$s( -eor$ the &H again an$ re&eat the stirring an$ meas#rement

&roess at 2 seon$ &roess at 2 seon$ intervals, reor$ing eah time anintervals, reor$ing eah time an$ &H val#e, $ &H val#e, #ntil there is no#ntil there is no

a&&reiable hange in the &H(a&&reiable hange in the &H(

%ystem " %trong aci*%ystem " %trong aci*

 Meas#re the &H by #sing &i&et Meas#re the &H by #sing &i&et to ta9e ! mL o% (! M HCl into a to ta9e ! mL o% (! M HCl into a 20 mL bea9er(20 mL bea9er(

 Meas#re the &H a%ter a$$ 5 mL o% $istille$ 1ater into the bea9er( Meas#re theMeas#re the &H a%ter a$$ 5 mL o% $istille$ 1ater into the bea9er( Meas#re the

&H(&H(



! mL o% (! M a3H 1as a$$e$ ! mL o% (! M a3H 1as a$$e$ into the bea9er( -eor$ the &H(into the bea9er( -eor$ the &H(

 5 mL o% (! M a3H 1as a$$e$ 5 mL o% (! M a3H 1as a$$e$ into the bea9er( -eor$ the &H(into the bea9er( -eor$ the &H(

%ystem 5" >ea aci*%ystem 5" >ea aci*

 2 mL o% (! M aeti ai$ 1as &2 mL o% (! M aeti ai$ 1as &lae$ into !0 mL bea9er(lae$ into !0 mL bea9er(

 Using (! M Using (! M aetiaeti  ai$ as ai$ as a starting &oint, ma9e three $il#tia starting &oint, ma9e three $il#tions res#ltions res#lting in ng in t1ot1o

$i%%erent onentrations, i(ie (! an$ (! M($i%%erent onentrations, i(ie (! an$ (! M(

 Meas#re the &H o% eah these sol#tion an$ al#late the a %or eah o% theMeas#re the &H o% eah these sol#tion an$ al#late the a %or eah o% the

sol#tions(sol#tions(



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%ystem ." %alts%ystem ." %alts

 0 mL o% (! M aCl 1as &lae$ into 0 mL o% (! M aCl 1as &lae$ into a !0 mL bea9er( Meas#re the &H(a !0 mL bea9er( Meas#re the &H(

 Plae 0 mL o% (! M CHPlae 0 mL o% (! M CH

C33H into a !0 mL bea9er( Meas#re the &H(C33H into a !0 mL bea9er( Meas#re the &H(

 Plae 0 mL o% (! M HPlae 0 mL o% (! M H

Cl into a !0 mL bea9er( Meas#re the &H(Cl into a !0 mL bea9er( Meas#re the &H(

%ystem :" Bu!!ers%ystem :" Bu!!ers

 ! mL eah o% (! M CH! mL eah o% (! M CH

C33H an$ (! M CHC33H an$ (! M CH

C33a 1ere &lae$ intoC33a 1ere &lae$ into

se&erate !0mL bea9er(se&erate !0mL bea9er(

 Pre&are b#%%er 6, /, C by mi+ing these t1o sol#tions as sho1n in the table belo1(Pre&are b#%%er 6, /, C by mi+ing these t1o sol#tions as sho1n in the table belo1(

Meas#re the &H o% the b#%%er sol#tion(Meas#re the &H o% the b#%%er sol#tion(

•• Divi$e eah o% the . b#%%ers into e4#al &arts A20( mL eahBDivi$e eah o% the . b#%%ers into e4#al &arts A20( mL eahB



Part !: Part !: For one sam&le For one sam&le o% eah b#%%er:o% eah b#%%er:

-- 6$$ ! $ro&s o% (! 6$$ ! $ro&s o% (! M HCl( Meas#re the &H(M HCl( Meas#re the &H(

-- 6$$ eno#gh to hange the &H by one #nit %rom the start( -eor$ the vol#me(6$$ eno#gh to hange the &H by one #nit %rom the start( -eor$ the vol#me(

 Part 2: Part 2: For one sam&le For one sam&le o% eah b#%%er:o% eah b#%%er:

-- 6$$ ! $ro&s o% (! 6$$ ! $ro&s o% (! M a3H( Meas#re the &H(M a3H( Meas#re the &H(

-- 6$$ eno#gh to hange the &H by one #nit %rom te start( -eor$ the vol#me(6$$ eno#gh to hange the &H by one #nit %rom te start( -eor$ the vol#me(

III D)T) )&D DI%CU%%I'&III D)T) )&D DI%CU%%I'&

+ pH '4 D#I'&I#D >)T#R+ pH '4 D#I'&I#D >)T#R



TTiimme e 11ss33 ''bbsseerrvvee* * ppHH ##$$ppllaannaattiioonn

99

.9.9

0909

267267

2+22+2

066066

002002

)he $eioni8e$ 1ater in the laboratory room has a &H val#e)he $eioni8e$ 1ater in the laboratory room has a &H val#e

a&&ro+imately (( )he &roess o% $istillation lea$s 1atera&&ro+imately (( )he &roess o% $istillation lea$s 1ater

mole#les to aess the air ontaine$ C3mole#les to aess the air ontaine$ C3

gas an$ stirringgas an$ stirring

eno#rage more an$ more C3eno#rage more an$ more C3

$issolve$, so the$issolve$, so the

onentration o% ai$ in $istille$ 1ater at that timeonentration o% ai$ in $istille$ 1ater at that time

inreases an$ the &H val#e inreases an$ the &H val#e $ereases as a res#lt( 6%ter a$ereases as a res#lt( 6%ter a

short &erio$ o% time, $#e to the short &erio$ o% time, $#e to the 1ater $oes not absorb all o%1ater $oes not absorb all o%



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International University, HCMCInternational University, HCMC

General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

6969

+99+99

+9+9

+.9+.9

+09+09

+69+69

05.05.

0000

0+70+7

097097

:2+:2+

::5::5

C3C3

%rom the air, the balane stage ha&&ens an$ the &H%rom the air, the balane stage ha&&ens an$ the &H

val#e is stableval#e is stable

Comment"Comment" )he &H o% $eioni8e$ 1ater ten$s to be lo1er than normal 1ater bea#se the)he &H o% $eioni8e$ 1ater ten$s to be lo1er than normal 1ater bea#se the

$issolve$ salts AionsB in the normal 1ater an ne#trali8e that is also $issolve$ in the $issolve$ salts AionsB in the normal 1ater an ne#trali8e that is also $issolve$ in the 1ater(1ater(

 pH '4 %TR'&G )CID pH '4 %TR'&G )CID

%%oolluuttiioonn TThheeoorreettiiccaall

pHpH

Measure*Measure*

pHpH

#$plaination#$plaination

<! mL o% (!M<! mL o% (!M

HClHCl

< 6$$ 5 mL < 6$$ 5 mL o%o%

$istille$ 1ater$istille$ 1ater

< 6$$ ! mL < 6$$ ! mL o%o%

(!M a3H(!M a3H

< 6$$ 5 mL < 6$$ 5 mL o%o%

(!M a3H(!M a3H



!!(!!(

!(!"!(!"

!(5!(5

!!(!2!!(!2

!!(!!!(!

HCl is strong ai$ so its &H val#e HCl is strong ai$ so its &H val#e is smallis small

as the EHas the EH

 Q (! involve$ in( =hen a$$ing Q (! involve$ in( =hen a$$ing

the $istille$ 1ater into HCl, the sol#tionthe $istille$ 1ater into HCl, the sol#tion

beomes $il#te$ an$ the onentration o%beomes $il#te$ an$ the onentration o%

$ereases( )he system has the #rrent$ereases( )he system has the #rrent

EHN Q (!, th#s the &H val#e al#late$EHN Q (!, th#s the &H val#e al#late$

e4#al to 2e4#al to 2

)he &H val#e 9ee&s inreasing $#e to the)he &H val#e 9ee&s inreasing $#e to the

a$$ition o% a3H, 3Ha$$ition o% a3H, 3H

$issolves an$ ;oins$issolves an$ ;oins

1ith H1ith H

in the mi+t#re to ma9e in the mi+t#re to ma9e H23( )h#sH23( )h#s

the system is ne#tral an$ the &H raises intothe system is ne#tral an$ the &H raises into

((

=hen 1e ontin#e to a$$ 5mL o% (!=hen 1e ontin#e to a$$ 5mL o% (!

a3H to the mi+t#re, the E3Ha3H to the mi+t#re, the E3H

 inrease inrease

an$ e4#al to 2(. so the &H val#e raisesan$ e4#al to 2(. so the &H val#e raises

theoretially to !!((theoretially to !!((

Data Calculation"Data Calculation"



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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

)he mole o% !mL o% ,! M HCL: n Q CM +  Q ,!+ (!Q !)he mole o% !mL o% ,! M HCL: n Q CM +  Q ,!+ (!Q !

7.7.

AmolBAmolB

)he theoritial &H o% ! mL o% ,! M HCl: )he theoritial &H o% ! mL o% ,! M HCl: &H Q 7logE(! Q !&H Q 7logE(! Q !

6%ter a$$ing 5 mL o% $istille$ 1ater , the  o% sol#tion inreases to !mLQ ,! L6%ter a$$ing 5 mL o% $istille$ 1ater , the  o% sol#tion inreases to !mLQ ,! L

)h#s EH)h#s EH

Q nQ !Q nQ !

7.7.

 ,!Q (! M ,!Q (! M

)he theoritial &H o% ,!M HCl: &HQ )he theoritial &H o% ,!M HCl: &HQ 7logE,! Q 27logE,! Q 2

6%ter a$$ing 5 mL o% (!M a3H, the  o% sol#tion inreases to !5mLQ 6%ter a$$ing 5 mL o% (!M a3H, the  o% sol#tion inreases to !5mLQ ,!5 L,!5 L

)he mole o% the a$$ing 3H)he mole o% the a$$ing 3H

Q CQ C

+  Q (! + (5 Q 5+!+  Q (! + (5 Q 5+!

7"7"

AmoleBAmoleB

)he #rrent E3H)he #rrent E3H

 Q n Q 5+! Q n Q 5+!

7"7"

(!5( )h#s the %inal &H Q !" 7 (!5( )h#s the %inal &H Q !" 7 A7logE5+!A7logE5+!

7"7"

(!5B Q !!((!5B Q !!(

Comment"Comment"

)he &H val#e $e&en$s on onentration o% H)he &H val#e $e&en$s on onentration o% H

(Strong ai$ o%ten have a small(Strong ai$ o%ten have a small

&H val#e bea#se the it $issolves om&letely in 1ater to &ro$#e the large amo#nt o% H&H val#e bea#se the it $issolves om&letely in 1ater to &ro$#e the large amo#nt o% H

((

)he &H o% strong ai$ 1ill be )he &H o% strong ai$ 1ill be inrease 1hen E3H7 is inrease$( )he reality val#e o% &Hinrease 1hen E3H7 is inrease$( )he reality val#e o% &H

in the e+&eriment is $i%%erent om&aring 1ith the theoretial one $#e in the e+&eriment is $i%%erent om&aring 1ith the theoretial one $#e to the laboratoryto the laboratory

on$itions an$ the mista9e $#ring e+&erimental &roe$#re(on$itions an$ the mista9e $#ring e+&erimental &roe$#re(

5 pH '4 >#)/ )CID5 pH '4 >#)/ )CID

%%oolluuttiioonn MMeeaassuurree**

pHpH

//aa ##$$ppllaaiinnaattiioonn

(!M aeti(!M aeti

ai$ai$

22(('' ""((''++!!

7070

CHCH

C33H &lays role as the very 1ea9 ai$,C33H &lays role as the very 1ea9 ai$,

res#lts in $issolving &artially an$ res#lts in $issolving &artially an$ %orming little%orming little

, 1hih lea$s to the &H val#e is higher than, 1hih lea$s to the &H val#e is higher than

the strong ai$( )he less onentration o% Hthe strong ai$( )he less onentration o% H

inin

the aeti ai$ sol#tion, the more inreasing inthe aeti ai$ sol#tion, the more inreasing in

the &H val#e(the &H val#e(

(!M aeti(!M aeti

ai$ai$

..((00 ((22++!!

7070

(!M(!M

aeti ai$aeti ai$

""((!!22 ''((22..++!!

7'7'

Data Calculation"Data Calculation"

Determining the Determining the 

base on the meas#re$ &H o%:base on the meas#re$ &H o%:

First, (! M ai$ aetiFirst, (! M ai$ aeti

CHCH

C33HO HC33HO H

N CHN CH

C33C33



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General Chemistry Laboratory ReportGeneral Chemistry Laboratory Report

IInniittiiaall ((!!   AACC

CChhaannggee 77++ ++ ++

**44##iilliibbrrii##mm ((!!77++ ++ ++

)h#s the )h#s the 

ECH.C33HFECH.C33HF

FFFECH.C33FECH.C33EHEH

QQ xx

−−

!!((

+2+2

Q A!Q A!

72('72('

(! 7 !(! 7 !

72('72('

Q "('+!Q "('+!

7070

Seon$, (! M ai$ aeti an$ a&&lying the same e4#ation aboveSeon$, (! M ai$ aeti an$ a&&lying the same e4#ation above

)h#s the )h#s the 

ECH.C33HECH.C33H

ECH.C33ECH.C33EHEH++

Q A!Q A!

7.(07.(0

BB

(!7 !(!7 !

7.(07.(0

Q (2+!Q (2+!

7070

)hir$, (! M ai$ aeti an$ a&&lying the same e4#ation above)hir$, (! M ai$ aeti an$ a&&lying the same e4#ation above

)h#s the )h#s the 

ECH.C33HFECH.C33HF

FFFECH.C33FECH.C33EHEH

QA!QA!

7"(!27"(!2

BB

(!7 !(!7 !

7"(!27"(!2

Q '(2.+!Q '(2.+!

7'7'

(! (! M M ai$ ai$ aeti aeti (! (! (! (! (!(!



ECH.C33HECH.C33H

ECH.C33ECH.C33EHEH++

Q A!Q A!

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 Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t  CH C E H M E I M S I T S R T Y R Y LA L B A O B R O A R T A O T R O Y R RE R P E O P R O T R To: In I s n t s r t u r c u t c or tor: : P h P D D H oan a g n g Le So n So
BioTechnology Department, Interna n tional University, HCMC  General Chemi General stry s Lab try oratory| Fall oratory| Fall 2! " 2!" Co#rse| Co#rse| St#$ent $ent %rom gro gro#& ! & '( !'(  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t Tab Ta l b e l e o ! o ! C o C n o t n e t n e t n s t " s )illee P Paag gee *+ * & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n t ! : ! : Ch e Ch m e i m  i a  l a l -eation s -eation ( s ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( . ( *+ * & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n t 2 : 2 : & H & a H n a $ n $ /# % /# % % e % r e s r ( s ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ! ( 0 ! *+ * & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n t . : . : - e - $ e o $ + o + ) i ) t i r t a r t a i t on o n 1i t 1i h t h M n M 3 n "(( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2 ( " 2 *+ * & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n t " : " : Ch e Ch m e i m  i a  l a l * 4 * # 4 i # l i i l b i r b i r # i m # ( m ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2 ( 5 2 *+ * & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n t 0 : 0 : F a F  a t  o t r o s r s 6% % 6% e %  e t  i t n i g n g -e a -e  a t  i t o i n o n -a t -a e t ( e ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( . ( ' . #$ecutive %ummary )h ) i h s i s r e r & e o & r o t r t a i a m i s m s t o t o s ho h 1 o t 1 he h e b r b i r e i % e % $ i $ s i  s #  s # s s i s o i n o s n s a n a $ n $ t he h e % i % n i a n l a l r e r s e # s l # t l t r e r & e r & e r s e e s n e t n a t t a i t o i n o s n s o % o %i % v i e v e e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n s t s $ # $ r # in i g n g t h t e h e Ge n Ge e n r e a r l a l Ch e Ch m e i m s i t s r t y r y L a L b a o b r o a r t a o t r o y r y  o  # o r # se s ( e ( * a *  a h  h o% o % % i % v i e v e+ e & + e & r e im i e m n e t n s s i n n l  #$ # i $ n i g n g t h t e h e g e g n e e n r e a r l a l  o  n o  n e  & e t & s t s a n a $ n $ s# s b # 7 b e 7 + e & + e & r e im i e m n e t n s s i n n o r o $ r e $ r e r t o t o g i g v i e v e  han n e  s e a a   e  s e si s n i g n g b o b t o h t h t h t e h o e r o i r e i s e s a n a $ n $ & r & a r  a t  i t  i i  n i g n ( g Fiv Fi e v e m a m i a n i n e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n s t s % o % l o l l o l 1e$ o t 1e$ h t e h e  o  n o t n e t n e t n t o % o : % : Ch e Ch m e i m  i a  l a l -e a -e  a t  io i n o s n , s , & H & a H n a $ n $ /# % /# % % e % r e s r , s -e$ -e o $ + o + ) i ) t i r t at a i t o i n o n 1i t 1i h h M n M 3 n "," Che Ch m e i m  i a  l a * 4#ilibri#m, a n$ Fa  Fa to t r o s r s 6% %e %  e t  i t n i g n g -e a -e  a t  i t o i n o -at -a e t ( e ( ) h ) e h e & r & o o e  s e s s o % o % r e r  e o  r o $ r i $ n i g n g  h  a h n a g n e g s e s a n a $ n $ observat a i t o i n o s n , ,  he h m e i m  i a  l a l e 4# 4 a # t a i t o i n o s n s 1r it i i t n i g n g a n$ b  a b l a a l n a  n i  n i g n , g , a n a a n l a y l 8 y i 8 n i g n g $ a $ t a a t , a ,  a  l a  l #  l # a l t a i t n i g n g o % o % r e r 4 e # 4 i # r i e r $ e $ % i % g i # g r # e r s e , s , a n a $ n $ g i g v i i v n i g n g s  s i  e i n e t n i t % i i %  i e+ e & + l & a l n a a n t a i t o i n o s n s i s s & r & e r s e e s n e t n e t $ e $ i n i $ n i $ v i i v $ i # $ a # l a ly l y i n i n t h t i h s i s & a & & a e & r e r a % a t % e t r e r m a m 9 a i 9 n i g n g g r g o r # o & # & e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n s t ( s Ref e ere r nce c s: s -es -e o# o res e s % ollo1e$ 1e $ t he Ge n Ge e n r e a r l a l Ch e Ch m e i m s i t s ry L a L b a o b r o at a o t r o y m a m n a #al a n a $ n Dat Da a t a sh s e h e e t e Page Page 2  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t EXPERIMENT 1 CH C E H M E I M C I A C L A L R E R A E C A T C I T O I N O S N I I&TR'DUCTI' '& & Che Ch m e i m  i a  l a l - e - a e  a t  i t o i n o s n s a r a e r e & r & o r  o e  s e s s e s s e s % o % r o m r i m n i g n g n e n 1 e s 1 #b # s b t s a t n a  n e  s e s b a b s a e s e o n o n b r b e r a e 9 a i 9 n i g n h  e h m e i m  i a  l a l b o b n o $ n s $ s o % o % t h t e h e i n i i n t i i t a i l a l r e r a e  a t  a t n a t n s t s t o t o m a m 9 a e 9 e ne n 1 e o 1 n o e n s e ( s ( ) o ) st#$y y t he  l  a l s a s s i%ia  t a i t o i n o n o % o a h  e h m e i m  i a  l a l r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o , n , i t i s t s n a n t a # t r # e r e a n a $ n $ t y t & y e & e a s a s 1ell a s a t he o b o s b erve$ e $ e 4#at a ion, n , t he %irst e+ e & + e & r e im i e m n e t n i n i  n l  # l $ # i $ n i g n g    h  e h m e i m a  l a l r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o s n s a n a $ n $ ! % lame m e t e t s e t s t i s i s $ e $ $ e i $  i a  t a e t $ e $ t o o # s # s % o % r o ahiev e ing:Firstly, t o t o $ e $ t e er e m r i m n i e n e 1h e 1h t e h t e h r e r t h t e h e  h  e h m e i m  i a  l a l r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o n too o 9 o 9 & l & ay y o r o r n o n t o t b y b ob o s b e s r e v r i v n i g n g v a v r a i r o i # o s # s & h & e h n e o n m o e m n e o n n o s n s  a  n a n b e b e t h t e h e  o  l o o l r o r  h  a h n a g n e g , e , g a g s a s % o % r o m r i m n i g n , g , & r & e e i  &i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n a n a $ n al a s l o s o  h  e h  e 9  9 t h t e h e r e r l e e l a e s a e s e o % o h e h a e t a t a n a $ n $ l i l g i h g t h ( t Se S c e o c n o d n l d y l , , t o t o i $ i e $ n e t n i% i y % y t h t e h e &ro$# $  # t  s t s a n a $ n $  he h m e i m al h  a h n a g n e g s e s t h t r h o r # o g # h g h % i % v i e v e 9 i 9 n i $ n s $ s o % o %  h  e h m e i m  i a  l a re r a e  a t  i t o i n o s n s i nl#$ing s yn y t n he h sis, $e e om&osition, s#bstit#ent r eation, $ o#ble $ is&laement n an$ n omb# b stion( n 6n$final a ly, to s t s # t $ # y $ y t he 1ri 1r t i i t n i g n g a n a $ n $ b a b l a a l n a  n i  n i g n g s 9 s i 9 l i l l s l s o % o % e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n a t l a l  h  e h m e i m  i a  l a l e 4 e # 4 a # t a i t o i n o s n , s , n o n m o e m n e  n l  a l t a # t r # e r e o % o in i o n r o g r a g n a i n  i  s # s b # s b t s a t n a  n e  s e ( s II I (R 'C ' #DUR#" R ) )  In I s n t s r t u r m u e m n e t n s t " s )h ) i h s i s e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n g e g n e e n r e a r l a l l y l y  o  n o s n i s s i t s s t o % o %    h  e h m e i m  i a  l a l e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n t a n a $ n $ ! ! % l % a l m a e m e t e t s e t s t $ i $ r i e r  e t  l t y l ar a m r m t o t o t h t e h e & # & r # & r o & s o e s e o % o % t h t e h e o b o ; b e ;  e t  i t v i e v s e ( s ( ) h ) e h e Ma M t a e t r e i r a i l a s l s a n a $ n $ * 4 * # 4 i # & i m & e m n e t n s t s n e n e e $ e e $ $ t o t o a e  s e s s t h t e h 1ho 1h l o e l e e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n s t s a r a e r : e <)hirty test t#bes e <  = < a = te t r e r b a b t a h t <  3n < e 3n e t es e t s t t # t b # e b e r a r  a 9   9 <  3n <3ne e lo l o o & o e & $ e $ &latin#m # m or o nihrome <  ) < 1 ) o o t e t s e t s t t # t b # e b e h o h l o $ l e $ r e s 1ir 1i e r <  ) < 1 ) o o s & s a & t a # t l # a l s a <  L < a L b a e b l e <  ) < h ) r h e r e e e 2 0 2  0  m L m L b e b a e 9 a e 9 r e s <  -e < a -e g a e g n e t n s t s an$ $ the h i e r i s r s o  n o  n e  ntrations <  3n < e 3n e s ti t r i r r i r n i g n g r o r $ o
are mentione$ belo1 in eah s#b7 <  3n < e 3n e m e m $ e i $  i i  n i e n e $ r $ o r & o & & e & r e  r e+&er e iment n s <  6l <  6l o  h o o h l o l l a l m a & m & o r o r /# s /# e s n e n b # b r # n r e n r e  B B #$ p #$ e p r e i r m i e m n e t n a t l a l (r o (r c o e c * e u * r u e r " e Pre Pr & e a & r a i r n i g n , g , o & o e & r e a r t a i t n i g n , g , r e r  e o  r o $ r i $ n i g n g t h t e h e o b o s b e s r e v r a v t a i t o i n o s n s a n a $ n $ % o % l o l l o l 1 o 1 t h t e h e r e r 4 e # 4 i # r i e r m e e m n e t n s t s o % o % e a e  a h  b  e b l e o l 1 o 1 s # s b # 7 b e 7 + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n s t ( s + +  Rea e c a ti t on o s n s o ! ! Cu C - Page Page .  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t Pre Pr & e a & r a e r e . . t e t s e t s t t #be b s e s 1i th h !  !  $ ro&s o % o %  (  0 ( M 0 C C u u SO SO4( 6$$ 6$ $ !  !  $ r $ o& o s & 2 M 2 NaO Na H OH > 2M NH N4H OH OH> >  (  0 ( M 0 K4 K [Fe(CN)66 ]i ] n n o r o $e $ r e ( 2( 2 Reac a t c i t on o s n s o! o ! si s l i v l er e r hal a i l * i e * s e 6$$ 6$ $ !  !  $ r $ o r & o s & s o % o %  (  ! ( M ! Ag A N g O NO3into . .  (0 ( M 0 M s alt s ol#tions : KC Kl , C lK , B KrB  r an a $ n KIK ( I *a *  a h test t # t b # e b e 1a s 1a s $ i $ v i i v $ i e $ $ e $ i nto o 2 2 t est t #b # e b s e ( ( ) h ) e h r e e r % e o % r o e r , e , 1 e 1e h a h v a e v 66 t t e e s s t t t uu bb e e s s  la l b a e b le$ #1-3 -3 A Aa  n a $ n # # 1 1 -3 -3 B B( 6$$ 6$ $ 0 0 $ r $ o r & o s & s o % o % 2 M 2 NH NH 4OH OH to o . . $ i $ % i % % e % r e e r n e t n t s ol o #tions ? ! ? 7.6( 6$$ 6$ $ 0 0 $ r $ o r & o s & s o % o % 2 M 2 KCN KCN t  o t o . . r e r m e a m i a n i n s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n ? ! ? 7 ! . 7 /( . .( . Reac a tion o s o! H' Pre Pr & e a & r a e r e 2 2 t e t s e t s t t # t b # e b s e s 1i t 1i h h 0 0 $ r $ o& o s & o % o %  (  ! ( M ! K !O4(  ! ( M ! KIKI s  ol#t # i t o i n o s n ( s 6i$i%y 2 this sol#tions 1i th 0 $ ro&s o% 2 M H" HSO SO4an$ n $ t h t e h n e n a $ a $ $ 0 0 $ r $ o r & o s & s o % o .@ H" H O"sol#tion( (-e  -e or o $ r $ t h t e h e ha h n a g n e g e o % o %  o  l o o l r o an a $ n $ t h t e h e r el e e l a e s a e s $ e $ g a g s a ( s 6 & 6 i & n i  n h  h o % o % s ol o i l $ i !O"1as 1a a $ a $ $ e $ $ e $ i n i t n o t o ! ! m l o% .@ . H H "O"sol#tion( .  Reac a tion o s o! o &it i rate t 6  ! 6 ! m l m l o % s at a # t r # a r t a e t $ e Fe Fe SO SO41a  s 1a s a $ a $ $ e$ $ i n i t n o t o a a t e t s e t s t t # t b # e b e 1hih ha$ a $ ontaine$ $ ! ! m l m o% o % ! ! M Na N N a O N 3s  o s l o # l t # i t o i n o ( n S# % S# % % i %  i i  e i n e t n t a mo m # o n # t o % o  on n e  n e t n r t a r t a e t $ e $ s #l%#ri a  a i  $ i $ A 5 A ' 5 @ ' B @ 1as 1a s & o & # o r # e r $ e $  a  r a e r % e # % l # l l y y $ o $ 1n o 1n t h t e h e i n i s n i s $ i e $ e 1a l 1a l l o % o % t h t i h s i s t e t s e t s t t # t b # e b ( e ( 3b s 3b e s r e v r e v e a n a $ n $ r e r  e o  r o $ r th t e h e  h  a h n a g n e g e o % o %  o  l o o l r o r a t a t t h t e h e i n i t n e t r e % r a %  a e  e b e b t e 1e t e 1e n e n t h t e h e n i n t i r t a r t a e t e s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n a n a $ n $ t h t e h o  n o  n e  n e t n r t a r t a e t $ e $ s # s l # % l # % r # i r  i  a  a i  $ i $ a % a t % e t r e r a a % e1 e 1 s e s  e o  n o $ n s $ ( s  Na N N a O N "1a  s 1a s # s b # s b t s i t t# t t # e t $ e $ % o % r o r Fe S3 Fe "  A et A$ e ta$ $ a $%% 1as 1a s # s b # s b t s i t t#te %or H 2S3 S3"( -e -e o  r o $ r $ t h t e h e o b o ser e v r a v t a i t o i n o n a n$ n $ t h t e h n e n  o  m&are 1ith the e system( 0( 0 Reac a tion o s o! /Mn /M '. Pre Pr & e a & r a e r e . .  l  e l a e n a n t est t #bes e l a l b a e b l e e l $ e $ % rom o m ! 7 ! . 7 . 1i 1ith !  ! $  r $ o r & o s & s o % (  0 ( M 0 Na Na"SO SO4&4& 6$$ 6$ $ 0 $ r $ o r & o s & o % % o % l o l l o l 1i o n 1i g n g r ea e g a e g n e t n s s : 2 M 2 H" HSO SO4, ' Na N O a H O , H %$ % s$t$ st ll $ e ll% e ' %a 'te atr& er& 6$$ 6$ $ 0 0 $ r $ o& o s & o % o (! ( M ! M M n M 3 n " to o e a e  a h  h t e t s e t s t t # t b # e b s e ( 3bs 3b e s r e v r e v e t h t e h e  h  a h n a g n e g Page Page "  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t 0  Re R act c ion n o! o (ota t ssiu i m Dich c romat a e 1/Cr'23 6$$ 6$ $ % o % l o l l o l 1i o n 1i g n g r e r a e  a t  a t n a t n s t s i n i n o r o $e $ r e i n i n t o t o a a t e t s e t s t t # t b # e b e : :  (  0 ( M 0 M  2Cr23, !  $ ro&s o % o % ' M H2S3",0  $ r $ o r & o s & s o % C2H03H( 3H( 3b s 3b e s r e v r e v e t h t e h e  h  a h n a g n e g ( e (  Re R a e c a ti t o i ns n s o! o ! 4e 4 5- - an a * * 4 4e e- Pre Pr & e a & r a e r e   t e t s e t s t t #be b s e s 1i th h ! m ! l m l o % o %  (  0 ( M 0 M Fe Cl Fe .( 6$$ 6$ $ 0 $ r $ o r & o s & s o % % o % l o l l o l 1i o n 1i g n g r ea e g a e g n e t n s s :  (  0 ( 0 M M C , C ,  (  ! ( M ! M S C, S C, 2 2  3H,  3H,  (  0 ( M 0 "EFe E A Fe CB A ',  , 2 M 2 M H "3H( 3H( -e or o $ r $ t he e o bservation( n Do Do t h t e h e s a s m a e m e 2 2 ste t & e s & ab a o b v o e v e b y b y r e r & e l & a l  a i  n i g n g Fe Cl Fe . 1it 1i h h F e F S3 e "( 6 6  Re R a e c a t c io i n o s n s o! o ! ) l5- Div Di i v $ i e $ e 2 2 s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o s n s 1h i 1h  i h  h h a h v a e v e !  !  $ r $ o r & o s & s  (  0 ( 0 M M o % o % 6l 2AS3"B. an a $ n $ 0 $ r $ o r & o s & 2 a  3H( a3H( 6$$ 6$ $ !  !  $ r $ o& o s & o % o % 2 M 2 M HCl HCl in i t n o t o t est t#b # e b s e ! ( ! 6$$ 6$ $ !  !  $ r $ o& o s & o % o % 2  2 a  3H a into t rst t#be b e 2 ( 2 3b ( s 3b e s r e v r e v e t he h  h  a h n a g n e 7 7  4l a 4l m a e m e T e T s e t s  )h ) e h e /#n /# s n en n b# b r # n r e n r e r 1as lit %ir i s r t s ( t  6%t 6% e t r e r a a loo&e & $ e $ 1i r 1i e r e 1a s 1as $i $ & i & & e & $ e into the sol#tions s# s & # & & l & i l e i $ e , $ , it 1as 1as o  n o t n i t n i # n e # e hel$ in i n t h t e h e /# n /# s n e s n e n b # b r # n r e n r e r % l % a l m a e m ( e ( Fl a Fl m a e m e  o  l o o l r o r 1o # 1o l # $ l $ b e b e o b o s b e s r e v r e v $ e $ a n a $ n $ r e r  e o  r o $ r e $ $ e a  r a e r % e # % l # l l y l ( y )  h ) e h e % r % e r 4 e # 4 e # n e  n y  y A CB A CB a n a $ n $ e n e e n r e gy g A y *B * B o % o % t h t e h e & h & o h t o on o s n s 1o # 1o l # $ l $ b e b e  a  l a  l #  l # a l t a e t $ e $ $ # $ r # i r n i g n g t h t e h %l % a l m a e m e t e t s e t s s t s b y b y # s # i s n i g n g t h t e h e 1a v 1a e v l e e l n e g n t g h t s h A s B  B s ho h 1n o 1n b e b l e o l 1( o 6&&ro+i + mate D Do ominant C Co olor 6 6& &&ro+imate Dominant n Co l Co o l r o  r 1av 1a e v l e e l n e g n t g h t h A n A m n B m 1av 1a e v l e e l n e g n t g h t h A n A m n B m -e$ ! G Grreen 0.0 -e$7orange '22 G Grreen7/ /ll#e "52 3 3rrange '5 / /ll#e "" Page 0  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t 3 3rrange7yello1 05 / /ll#e7violet "00 ello1 0 iolet "2. ello1 177green 0 &ote t "J  = J a = ve v l e e l n e g n t g h t h v al#es 1e r 1e e r e g i g ve v n e n %o % r o r m i m $ i 7 $ r 7 a r n a g n e g o % o % t h t e h  o  l o o l r o r i n$ n i $  i a  t a e t $ e ( $ J)he e e 4 e #ation re&r & e r s e e s n e t n s t s t h t e h e relationshi& & b e b t1een e n the h e 1a v 1a e v l e eng n t g h t , h , % r % e r 4 e # 4 e # n e y an$ n $ t he s& s e & e e $ e $ o % o % a n a n e l e e e t  r t o r m o a m g a n g e n t e i t  i  1a v 1a e v e : J) J h ) e h e e n e e n r e g r y g y & e & r e r & h & o h t o o t n o n A i A n i n K o K # o l # e l s e B s B i s i s g i g v i e v n e n b y b y t h t e h e e 4 e # 4 a # t a i t o i n o : n C Q   v *&hotonQh Qh v  =h = e h r e e r e h h i s i s Pl a Pl n a  n 9   9 s  s  o  n o s n t s a t n a t n t a n a $ n $ h h h a h s a s a a v a v l a # l e # e o % o % '('2 ' ' 2  !  7."K(s III( R#% R# U % L U T% LT % )& ) D & D DI D % I C % U C % U % % I % ' I &% '& " % +  Re R act c ions n o! Cu-  Reaction 'bservation Chemical #8uation 9:M C u%'. )h ) e h e % o % r o m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o % b l b # l e # C#S3 C# "Aa4BN 2a3H 3HAaA4 a B 4 O  O C# A3HB2  Na 2S3"Aa4B &  r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n a n a $ n - M M &a & 'H ADo A # Do b # l b e l e $ i $ s i & s l & a l  a e  m e e m n e t n t r e r a e  a t  io i n o B n o  l o l l o l i o $ i a $ l a l & h & e h n e o n m o e m n e a n ( a 9:M C u%'. 6%t 6% e t r e r b e b i e n i g n g % or o m r e m $ e , $ C#S3"N 2H.N  N 2H 23 O C#A3 C HB #A3 2 N  AH"B2S3 S3" th t e h e b l b # l e # e & rei  &itation - M & H.'H C#A3HB2N  N "H "H.O O EC #AH.B EC#AH.B $issolve$ an a $ the "A3HB2 so s l o # l t # i t o i n o n t # t r # n r s n s i nto QRC#S3  "N 'H 'H.N  N 2H 23 O AH O "B2S3" N vi v o i l o e l t e t  o  l o o l r o ( r EC#AH.B"A3HB2 ADo A # Do b # l b e l e $ i $ s i & s l & a l  a e  m e e m n e t n t r e r a e  a t  io i n o B n 9:M C u%'. For Fo m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o % r e r $ e 7 $ 2C#S3 2C#S3"N  N  "EFeACB' O C# O C#2EFeACB' N  N 2 22S3" b  r b o r 1n o 1n & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o - - 9  9 :  M : ADo A # Do b # l b e l e $ i $ s i & s l & a l  a e  m e e m n e t n t r e r a e  a t  io i n o B n an a $ n $ t h t e h e  o  l o lo l i o $ i a $ l a / /.;4e ; 1 4e C 1 & C 3 & 0< &hen e o n m o e m n e a n )nal a ysis i " Page '  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t )h ) e h e % e % a e t a # t r # e r e o % o % C# 2Nis it  a  n rea a t  t 1i t 1i h t h 3H 7%orm a bl#e e & r & e e i  &i & t i a t t a i t o i n o ( n )h ) e h e s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n C# A C# 3HB2 al a s l o s o r e r a e  a t 1i t 1i h t h H H"3H t 3H o t o % o % r o m r m a a  om o & m l & e+ o  m o &o#n$ $ s o s o t hat the re r a e  a t  i t o i n o n 2 2 h a h s a s t h t e h e v i v o i l o e l t e t  o  l o o l r o r a t a t t h t e h e e n e $ n ( $ )h ) e h e l a l s a t s t & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a e t e s ol o # l t # i t o i n o n h a h s a s r e r $ e $ b r b o r 1n o 1n  o  l o o l r o r b e b  e a  # a s # e s e th t e h e s ol o # l t # ion i s a a  om&o & # o n # $ n o  n o s n i s s i t s s t s o % o % Fe .N . ( N Do# Do b # l b e l e $ i $ s& s l & a l  a e  m e e m n e t n t r e r a e  a t  io i n o n o  o   #  r # s r s 1h e 1h n e n & a & r a t r t o % o n o e n e r ea e  a tant i s i r e r & e l & a l  a e  $ e $ b y b y & ar a t r t o % o an a o n t o h t e h r e r r e r a e  a t  a t n a t n   Re R act c ions n o! silv l er hal a i*es e Reaction ' 'b bservation Chemical #8uation 9:  M /Cl /C - For Fo m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o % 1h i 1h t i e t ClAaA4 a B 4 N N 6g 3 6g .Aa4BO  O 6g Cl N 3 N 3.Aa4B 9+  M ) g&'
& 5 &rei&itation APre Pr  e i  &i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n r ea e  a tion o B n 9 9 :  M : M /C /Cl- =hite & rei&itation, a %ter C  l Cl N 6g N 6 3 g3.O  6g 6 Cl g  Cl  N 3 3. 9+M a$ a $ $ i $ n i g n g H "3H, 3H, t h t e h 6gCl N 6gCl N 2H 2H )g&' & "3HAa4 a B 4 O E6gAH.B2C  l C AaA4 a B 4 N 2 H23 5-
- M &rei&itation $ oes e s n o n t &H & .'H $i $ ssolve$( ACo A m Co & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n B g 9 9 :  M : M /C /Cl- =hite & rei&itation, a %ter C  l Cl N 6g N 6 3 g3.O  6g 6 Cl g  Cl  N 3 3. 9+M a$ a $ $ i $ n i g n g C, C, t h t e h e r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o 6gCl 6g Cl  N  C N O C O 2 6g 2 A 6g CB A N Cl )g&' & 2N 5- - M o#r # s 4 #i9ly, t he /C& /C &rei&itation  om&l & etely ACo A m Co & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n B g $issolve$ an a $ the so s l o # l t # i t o i n o n b e b  e o  m o e m s e olorless 9 9 :  M : M /Br For Fo m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o % y e y l e l l o l 1 o /r / r N 6 N g 6  g 3  .O  6g /r 6g  /r  N 3 N . &rei&itation - - 9 9 +M + APre Pr  e i  &i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n r ea e  a tion o B n )g&' & 5 9:  M /Br- el e l l o l 1 o &r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o , n /r / r N 6 N g 6  g 3  .O  6g /r 6g  /r  N 3 N . 9+  M ) g&' & 5 a% a t % e t r e r a $ a $ $ i $ n i g n g H "3H, 3H, t h t e h 6g/r 6g  /r  N 2 N H 2 3H O no reation - M &rei&itation $ oes e s n o n t "3H O no reatio &H & .'H $i $ ssolve$( 9:  M /Br- Pal Pa e l e y e y llo1 o & 1 r & e e i  &i & tation, 6g/r 6g /r  N  C N O C O 2 6g 2 6g A CB A 2 N /r 9+  M ) g&' & 5 a%ter a$$ing g C, C, t h t e h - M  /C& /C re r a e  a tion o o #r # s r s 4# 4 i # 9  ly, y ACo A m Co & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n B g Page   Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t &rei&itation  om&l & etely $i $ s i s s o s l o v l e v $ e $ a n a $ n $ t h t e h e % l % # l i # $ i b  e b  e o  m o e m s e s  o  l o or o l r e l s e s s 9 9 :  M : M /I - /I Pale yello1 & rei&itation I N 6 g3.O  6g I 6g   N 3 N 3. 9+  M ) g&' & 5 APre Pr  e i  &i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n r ea e  a tion o B n 9 9 :  M : M /I - /I el e l l o l 1 o &r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o , n I I N 6g N 3 6g .O  6g I 6g   N 3 N 3. 9+M a% a t % e t r e r a $ a $ $ i $ n i g n g H "3H, 3H, t h t e h 6gI N H 3H O no reation )g ) &'5 & '5 - &rei&itation $ oes e s n o n t "3H O no reatio M M &H.'H $i $ ssolve$( 9 9 :  M : M /I - /I Pal Pa e l e y e y llo1 o & 1 r & e e i  &i & tation, I I N 6g N 3 6g .O  6g I 6g   N 3 N 3. 9+  M ) g&' & 5 a%ter a$$ing g C, C, t h t e h 6gI N  C N  O C O 2 6g 2 A CB A N I - M  /C& /C re r a e  a tion o o #r # s r s 4# 4 i # 9  ly, y 2N &  r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n  o  m o & m l & e l t e e t ACo A m Co & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n B g $i $ s i s s o s l o v l e v $ e $ a n a $ n $ t h t e h e % l % # l i # $ i b  e b  e o  m o e m s e s  o  l o or o l r e l s e s s )nal a ysis i " 6ll 6l l . . e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n s t s a r a e r e & r & o r v o e v $ e $ t h t e h e & r & o r & o e & r e t r i t e i s e s o % o % s i s l i v l e v r e r h a h l a i l $ i e $ s e , s , 1 h 1 i h  i h  h is i : For Fo m r i m n i g n g & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a e t e 1h e 1h n e n r e r a e  a t  s t s 1i t 1i h t h s a s l a t l ( t 6ll 6l l 9 i 9 n i $ n $ o % o % & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a e t e $ i $ s i so s l o v l e v $ e $ i n i n C l C i l 4# 4 i # $ $ a n a $ n $ t h t e h e l i l 4 i # 4 i # $ i $ b e b  e a  m a e m e  o  l o o l r o l r e l s e s s ( s )h ) e h e Co m Co & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m ng n g a n a $ n $ &r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n r ea a t  i t on o n i s i s $ e $ t e e t r e m r i m n i e n $ e $ b y b y t h t i h s i e+ e & + e & r e im i e m n e t n 5 5  React c ions n o! H' Reaction 'bservation Chemical #8uation 9+M )h ) e h s ol#tion i nitial a l l y l y h as
2Mn3"N .H2S3"N 0H232O  O  2S3"N  /Mn /M '.- -  M  vi v o i l o e l t e t a n a $ n $ $ o $ e o s e s n o n t o 2M 2 n M S3 nS3"N N H23 N 3 0 N 3 0 2 H%' % .- hang n e g e 1h e 1h n e n a$ a $ $ i $ ng n Ao+i$ation7re$# $  # tion r ea a t  i t o i n o B n H' H2S3", , b # b t # t i t i t b e b  e omes o  l o orless 1he 1h n e n a $$ $ i $ n i g n H232 an a $ n $ r eleases hea e t a 9 9 +  M + M /I - /I )h ) e h s ol#tion i nitial a l l y l y h as 2I N H N 2S3"N  H N 232O  O  2S3"N  2 N H 2 23 N 3 I N 2 M  M H%' % .- vi v o i l o e l t e t a n a $ n $ $ o $ e o s e s n o n t o Page   Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t H' h  a h n a g n e 1hen e n a$$ $ i $ n i g n Ao+i$ation7re$# $  # tion r ea a t  i t o i n o B n H2S3", , t h t e h s ol#t # i t o i n o n t #r # ns ye y l e l l o l 17 o b 17 r b o r 1n o 1n a n a $ n $ h a h s a yello1ish b ro1n &  r & e r  e i  &itate( H'- - M n M ' n  )h ) e h e b la9  9 s o s l o i l $ i $ $ o $ e o s e n o n t o
Mn32N 2H232O Mn32 N 32N  2H 2 23 $i $ s i s s o s l o v l e v ( e ( -e l -e e l a e s a i s n i g n g g a g s a Ao+i$ation7re$# $  # tion r ea a t  i t o i n o B n an a $ n $ h e h a e t a ( )nal a ysis i " H232&  l & a l y a y r o r l o e l s e s a s a s a n a n o + o i + $ i i $ 8 i i 8 n i g n g a g a e g n e t n t a n a $ n $ i t i t ; o ; i o n i n i n i n t h t e h e r e r $ e o $ + o + r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o n t o t o e + e  + h  a h n a g n e g el e e l  e t  i t o i n o , n , r e r s e # s l # t l s t s i n i n  h  a h n a g n i g n i g n g o % o % o + o i + $ i a $ t a io i n o n n # n m # b m e b r e ( r .  Reac a tion o s o! o &it i rate t Reaction 'bservation Chemical Reaction +M + M & a & & a ' & 5- )h ) e h e s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n  h  a h n a g n e g s e 'FeS3 S3"N  2 N a 2 3 a .N  " N H " 2S3"O  O . Fe . 2AS3 S3"B.N 4e% 4e ' % . olor % rom l i l g i h g t h t g r g een n t o a  2S3"N "H23 N 3 2 N 3 2  3 -H - %' % . b  r b o r 1n o ( 1n ( ) h ) e h e r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o 3  N 3 T N T 3 O 3 170= 0 3 rel e e l a e s a e s s e s h e h a e t a t a n a $ n 2O 2 sm s e m l e l l e l $ e , $ , o  l o o l r o l r e l s e s s 7 s ga g s a , Ar A e r $ e o $ + o + r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n t#rning b r b o r 1n o 1n g as at a in i t n e t r e % r a %  a e  e A 3B 3B +M + M & a & & a ' & 5- )he s ol#tion i s s s till a32N  a N 3 a .N  H N 2S3"O no o r ea e  a tion &a&' & - o  l o or o l r e l s e s s ( s H%' % . 170= 0 3 = +M + M & a & & a ' & 5- )he s ol#tion i s s s till FeS3" N CH.C33H C33H N  N a a3. O O n o n r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o 4e% 4e ' % . - o  l o or o l r e l s e s s ( s CH C 5C''H C''H )nal a ysis i " i  t i r t a r t a e t e  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ i s i s t h t e h e o + o i + $i $ 8 i i 8 n i g n g a g a e g n e t n t a n a $ n $ t h t e h e o + o i + $ i a $ t a io i n o n n # n m # b m e b r e r  a  t a o t m o m 1i l 1i l l l b e b re r $ e # $  # e  $ e $ a s a s t h t e h e % or o m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o g a g s a e s s e Fir Fi s r t s t r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o n : : l i4# 4 i # $ $ i s i s b r b o r 1n o 1n b e b  e a#s # e i t i t h as H N an a $ n $ 3 7 . i  s t he o + o i + $i $ 8ing n g a gent n s, s o o t hat Fe2N 1as 1a s r e r $ e # $  # e  $ e $ t o t o b e b e F e F .N an a $ n $ t he e s a s l a t l t Fe .N ha h s a s b r b o r 1n o 1n  o  l o o l r o ( r ( Ho 1e Ho v 1e e v r e , , 1h en $ o $ i o n i g n g t h t i h s i e+ e & + e & r e im i e m n e t n , , 1 e 1 e $ i $ $ i $ n o n t o t a $ a $ $ $ e n e o n # o g # h g h Fe S Fe 3 S "s  o s o t h t a h t a t h t e h e olor o% the li4#i$ $ $ i $ $ $ not o h  a h nge( Page 5  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t )1o a n a o n t o h t e h r r e r a e  a tion o s $ i $ $ $ n ot o t o   #  r # r b e e a  # a s # e s e t h t e h y e y a r a e e l a9 o% o + o i + $ i i $ 8 i i 8 ng a n$ re$# $  # i  n i g n agent n s( :( Re R a e c a ti t o i n o s s o! /Mn /M '. Reaction ' 'b bservation Chemical #8uation 9:M )h ) e h e s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n  h  a h n a g n e g s e 0a 0 2S3.N 2Mn3"N  . N H . 2S3"O  O 2 M 2 nS3 n "N  &a%'5- - M  o  l o o l r o r % ro r m o m & # & r # & r l & e l e t o t 2S3"N  0 N a2S3"N.H23 H%' % .- - 9  9 +  M + trans&arent( Ar A e r $ e o $ + o + r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n /Mn /M '. 9:M )h ) e h e s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n  h  a h n a g n e g s e a  2S3.N  2 N a 2 3H a 3H N 2 N M 2 n M 3 n "O  2Mn3"N  &a%'5- - 0& 0 o  l o o l r o r % ro r m o m & # & r # & r l & e l e t o t a  2S3"N a2Mn3"NH  23 &a'H- ' 9+  M b  l b # l e # e g r g ee e n e ( n Ar A e r $ e o $ + o + r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n /Mn /M '. 9 9 :  M : M & a & %'5 )h ) e h e s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n  h  a h n a g n e g s e .a . 2S3.N 2Mn3"N  H N 23 O 2Mn32   N o  l o o l r o r % ro r m o m & # & r # & r l & e l e t o t .a . 2S3"N  2 N 3H 2 - H' yello17bro1n a 1n n a $ n A-e A $ -e o+ rea a t  i t on o B n a& a & & ea e r a s r b l b a l  a 9  9 &rei&itate )nal a ysis i " Mn M 3 n " is i the o+i + $ i i $ 8 i i 8 ng ag a e g nt be b  e a  # a s # e highe h s e t o+ o i + $a $ t a i t o i n o n n # n m # ber N o% o % M n M Mn M 3 n 2N " in i n a  a i$ e n e v n i v ro r n o m n e m n e t n t i s s % or o m r e m $ e $ i nt n o t o s a s l a t l t M n M 2 an a $ n $  N( Mn M 3 n "i  n i n n e n # e t # r t a r l a l e n e vironment n t i s % o % r o m r e m $ e $ i nto Mn3 n 2A  $ A a $ r a 9 r 9 b r b o1 o n 1 n s o s l o i l $ i B $ B a n a $ n 3H Mn M 3 n "i  n n b a b s a e s e e nvironment n t i s i % o % r o m r e m $ e $ i n i t n o t o  2Mn3"A  b A r b o r 1n o B 1n . . 0  Re R act c ion n o! o (ota t ssiu i m Dich c romat a e 1/Cr'23 Reaction ' 'b bservation Chemical #8uation M  M / Cr C '2- =h = e h n e n &o & # o r # r C 2H03H 22Cr23N   N H  2S3"N  . N C . 2H03H O 3H 0M 0 M H%'.- into t he s ol#t # ion, i t 2Cr2AS3"B.N  . N CH . .C33H N C33H 2 N  2 2S3"N N !! ! H ! 23 CH:'H hang n e g s e s  o  l o or %rom A3+i 3+ $a $ t a io i n o n r ea a t  i t o i n o B n or o a r n a g n e g e t o t o t r t an a s n & s a & r a e r n e t n , t an a $ n $ 1h e 1h n e n & o & # o t # t H 2S3" into t h t e h e m i m +t + # t r # e r , e , i t i hang n e g s e s  o  l o or %rom Page !  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t tr t a r n a s n & s a & r a e r n e t n t t o t o $ e $ e e & e & b l b # l e # ( e )nal a ysis i " )h ) e h e r e r a e  a t  i t on o n i s i s a a o + o i + $a $ t a i t o i n o n o % o % a l a  l o  h o o h l o l b y b y  2Cr23 , ,  2Cr23i  s i s a n a n o + o i + $ i i $ 8 i i 8 n i g n g a g a e g n e t n ( t ( ) h ) e h h  a h n a g n e g e i n i n  o  l o o l r o r i s i s a n a n & h & e h n e o n m o e m n e o n n o n o % o o + o i + $ i a $ t a i t o i n o ( n 2 2 ) Re R a e ctio i n o s n o! ! 4e 4e5- Reaction ' 'b bservation Chemical #8uation 9 9 :  M : 4eCl5- FeCl Fe .N  ' N C ' O C  .EFe E A Fe CB ACB' N .Cl 9:  M : /C& /C Dar Da 9 r 9 g reen n s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o A A o  m o & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n g r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n 9 9 :  M : 4eCl5- 9+  M /%C /% & Dar9 re$ sol#tion F FeeC Cll.N 'SC SC O .EFe E A Fe SCB A ' N . N Cl A A o  m o & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n g r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n 9 9 :  M : 4eCl5- FeCl Fe .N  . N 3H . O 3H Fe FeA3HB.N .Cl Cl M  M /'H For Fo m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o % b r b o r 1n o &rei&itate A&rei&itation r eationB 9 9 :  M : 4eCl5- 9:M For Fo m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o % $ a $ r a 9 r 9 b l b #e # "Fe " Cl Cl.N  . N  . "EFe E A Fe CB A ' O O Fe "EFeA Fe CB CB'.N / &  r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a e t e a n a $ n $ s t s i t  i 9  y 9 !2 ! Cl 2Cl .;4e1C 1 & C 30< sol o # l t # ion( A&rei&itation r eationB 9 9 :  M : 4eCl5- FeCl Fe .N  . N H . "3H O 3H Fe F A e 3HB A .  N .H"Cl M M &H Formation o% yello17 .'H Formation o% yello b  r b o r 1n o 1n & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a e t A&rei&itation r eationB )nal a ysis i " 6ll 6l l t h t e h se  hemial a l r eat  ion n a r a e t o t o s ho1 t 1 h t e h e &ro&er e ty o % o % Fe .Nto % o % r o m r m b r b o1 o n 1 n & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a e t e a n a $ n o  m o &l & e l + e +  o  m&o#n # $ n 2 2  B B Rea e c a t c i t o i n o s n s o! o 4e- Pa P ge !! age  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t Reaction 'bservation Chemical #8uation 9:  M : 4e 4e%'.- D Daar9 green sol#tion F FeeS3" N ' N C ' O C  "EFe E A Fe CB ACB'  N  N 2S3" 9:  M : /C& /C A A o  m o & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n g r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n 9:  M : 4e 4e%'.- For Fo m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o % $ a $ r a 9 r 9 r e r $ e FeS3" N ' N SC 'SC O "EFe E A Fe SCB A ' N  N 2S3" 9+  M /%C /% & &rei&itate A A o  m o & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n g r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n 9:  M : 4e 4e%'.- For Fo m r a m t a ion o % o 1h ite b l b # l e # FeS3"N 2 N 3H O 3H O Fe A3HB2  N  N 2S3" M  M /'H &rei&itate an a $ n 1&  r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n r eationB n $i $ s i a s & a & & e & a e r right a 1a a1 y a "FeA3HB2N 2H23 N 3 3 N 2O Fe FeA3HB. 9:  M : 4e 4e%'.- For Fo m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o % 1h i 1h t i e t 2FeS3 S3"N   N "EFe E A Fe CB A ' O O Fe 2EFeA Fe CB CB'   N 9:M &rei&itate 22S3" /.;4e1C 1 & C 30< 1&  rei&itation r e r a e  a tionB 9:  M : 4e 4e%'.- For Fo m r a m t a ion o % o 1h ite b l b # l e # FeS3"N 2H"3H O 3H O A H"B2S3"N  Fe N A Fe 3HB A 2 M M &H.'H &  r & e e i  &i & tate at a %irst, then 1&  r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n r eationB n it $issolve$ $ a n$ sol#tions b eomes e l ight h FeA3HB2 N " N H " "3H O 3H O E Fe E A Fe H. H.B"A3HB2N  ye y l e l l o l 1( o "H23 A A o  m o & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n g r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n )nal a ysis i " 6ll 6l l t h t e h se  hemial a l r eat  ion n a r a e t o t o s ho1 t 1 h t e h e &ro&er e ty o % o % Fe 2Nt  o % o % r o m r m b r b o1 o n 1 n & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a e t e a n a $ n o  m o &l & e l + e +  o  m&o#n # $ n 6 6  R e R a e c a t c i t o i n o s n s o ! ! ) l ) 5- 5 Reaction 'bservation Chemical # #8 8uation 9:M )l ) For Fo m r a m t a i t o i n o n o % o %  o  l o l l o l i o $ i a $ l a 6l2AS3 S3"B.N ' N a ' 3H a O 3H O . a . 2S3"N  1% 1 ' % .35- M &a & ' a H 'H 1hi 1h t i e t e & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a e t 26lA3HB. 1&  r & e r  e i  &itation rea a t  i t onB Page !2  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t 9:M )l ) Colloi$al 1h ite 6l2AS3 S3"B.N ' N a ' 3H a O 3H O . a . 2S3"N  1% 1 ' % .35- - &  &a'H- ' M
&rei&itate is $issolve$ 26lA3HB. HCl HC gr g a r $ a # $ a # l a ly l y a n a $ n $ t h t e h sol#tions b eomes e 26lA3HB.N  ' N HCl O O 2 6lCl.N .H23 olorless Aa A  a i  $ i  $ b  a b s a e s e r ea e  a t  i t o i n o B n 9:M )l ) Colloi$al 1h ite 6lA3HB.N  a N 3H a O 3H a6l a 32N  2 N H2 2 3 H2 1% 1 ' % .35- M &a'H- ' M &  r & e r  e i  &itate in n r  e r a e s a e s s e A A o  m o & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n g r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o B n &a & ' a H 'H in i t n o t o m a+im#m m a mo#nt n an a $ n i t t i s s $ issol o v l e v $ e , the sol#tions b eomes e olorless )nal a ysis i " 6ll 6l l t h t e h s e e s e  h  e h m e i m  i a  l a r e r a e  a t  io i n o n a r a e e t o t o s h s o h 1 o 1 th t e h e & r & o r & o e & r e ty o % o % 6l .Nt  h t a h t a t h a h v a e v am a & m h & o h t o e t r e i r  i  b e b h e a h v a i v o i r o r t h t r h o r # o g # h g h a  a i  $ i  $ b  a b s a e s , e , & r & e r  e i  & i i & t i a t t a i t o i n o n a n a $ n $  o  m o & m l & e l + e +  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ % o % r o m r i m n i g n reations( 73 7 3 4l 4 a l m a e m e Te s Te t s " t %olution Dominant !lame >av a e l eng n th 4re 4r 8 e u 8 e u n e c n y c (hot (ho on ener e gy co c l o o l r o 1m3 1@3 1s?+ ? 3 LiC Cll 3 3rrange '(5 + !7 "( " 2 (  2  + + !  ! !" 2(" + !7!5 aCl 3ra 3r n a g n e g 7 e e 7 ll l o l 1 o 0( 0 5 (  5  + + !  ! 7 0(!! ! + + !!" .( . . ( 5 . 5 + + !  ! 7!5  C Cll iolet "(2. + !7 (5 + ! ! !" ." . ( "  (  + + !  ! 7!5 CaCl Ca 7 !" 7!5 2 - -ee$73 3rrange '(22 + !7 "(2 2 + + !  ! !" .( . 2 ( 2 + + !7! /aCl /a 7 !" 7!5 2 ello1 177green 0( + !7 0( 0 ' ( ! ' ! + + !  ! !" .( .  ( 2  2 + + !  ! 7! A Da D t a a t a Ca C l a c l u c l u a l t a i t o i n o 6or o $ r i $ n i g n g t o o t h t e h e % o % r o m r # m l # a l : a C C $ For t h t e h e L i L Cl i )he % r % e4# 4 e # n e  n y  o % o % L i L Cl i Cl 1 he 1h n h o h l$ i t i i n n t h t e h e /# n /# s n e s n e n b # b r # n r e n r e r % la l m a e m e : Page !.  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t ννQ  C Q λQ .+! !       !  ! + + !  ! 75Q  " Q ( " 2 (  2  + + !  ! !"As7! 7 B )h ) e h Ph o Ph t o o t n o e n e e n r e g r y g o % o % L i L Cl:  * Q h + ννQ '('2' 2 ' + + !  ! 7."+  + " ( " 2 (  2  + + !!"Q  2 Q ( 2  ( "  " + + !  ! 7!5AKB 6&&lying n g t he s ame m e % o % r o r t he h e r es e t s t s #b # s b ta t n a  n e )nal a ysis i " 6 % 6 l % a l m a e m e t e t s e t s t i s i s a a & r & o r  o e  $ e # $ r # e r e # s # e s $ e $ t o o t e t s e t s t 4 # 4 a # l a i l t i a t t a i t v i e v l e y l y % o % r o r t he h e & r & e r s e e s n e  n e  e o % o %  e  r e t r ai a n i n m e m t e al a s l s i n i h  e h m e i m  i a  l a l  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n s $ ( s ( = h = e h n e n t h t e h e  o  m o & m o & # o n # $ n $ t o t o b e b e s t s # t $ # i $ e i $ e $ i s i s e + e  + i  t i e t $ e $ b y b y h e h a e t a i t n i g n g i t i t i n i n a %l % a l m a e m , e , t h t e h e m e m t e a t l a l i o i n o s n s 1i l 1i l l b e b g e i g n i n t o t o e m e i m t i t l i l g i h g t h ( t ( /a s /a e s $ e $ o n n t he e e missio i n o n s & s e &  e t  r t # r m # m o % o % t h t e h element n , t , t he e  o  m o &o# o n # $ n $ 1i ll t #rn t h t e h e %lame e a a h  a h r a ateristi o  l o o l r o ( r I I    C ' C &C '& LU CL % U I % '& I' " & In I n t h t i h s i s e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n t l ab a o b r o a r t a o t r o y r y 1e 1e h a h v a e v e  h  a h n a  n e  s e s to t o o b o s b e s r e v r e v $ e $ t he  h  a h ng n e g s e in i n $ i $ %% % e % r e e r n e t n t t y&e o% o % r e r a e  a t  i t o i n o s n s a n a $ n $ t h t e h e & r & o r & o e & r e t r i t e i s e s o % o s om o e m e  o  m o m m o m n o n el e e l m e e m n e t n as a s 1e l 1e l l l a s a s i t i s t s r o r l o e l e i n i n s & s e &  e i  % i i i re r a e  a t  i t o i n o s n ( s ( * a *  a h  h o % o % t y t & y e & s e s o % o % r e r a e  a t  i t on o n h a h v a e v e $i $ s i t s i t n i  n t  t n a n t a #r # es an$ n it is &o & ssible t o $et e e t r e mine th t r h o r # o g # h g h the e  h  a h n a g n e g s e s a % a t % er t h t e h e r eat  i t o i n o n o  o   #  r # s r s a n a $ theo e r o et e i t  i a  l a ly l y e 4#a # t a i t o i n o s n ( s EXPERIMENT 2 pH p H A N A D N D B U B F U F F E F R E S R I  I & I TR'D TR U 'D CTI'& TI'&
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al9aline a s#bstane is an$ it is inter&rete$ by the &H, an$ b#%%ers is the sol#tion to maintain this va v l a # l e # ( e ( )h ) e h e st s r t on o g n g or o r 1ea 1e 9 a 9 ba b s a e s  e a   a i  $ i $ an a $ n $ th t e h e ne n # e t # r t a r l a l sol o #tion n have e $i $ % i % % e % r e e r n e t n &  H & v H a v l a # l e # e a n a $ n $ 1e 1e a  n a 9no1 mo m r o e abo b # o t # t t h t i h s i s a s a s 1e l 1e l l a s a s  a  l a  l #  l # a l t a i t o i n o s n s r e r l e a l t a e t $ e $ to t o & H & v H a v l a # l e # , e , o r o  r ho h 1 o b 1 # b % # % % e % r e s r s  o  n o t n r t o r l o l t he h e & H & t H h t r h o r # o g # h g h t h t i h s i s e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n ( t II I  I (R ' (R C#D 'C U #D R U # R ) )  In I s n t s r t u r m u e m n e t n s t " s )hree ! 0 !  m L m L b ea9 a e 9 r e s r 3ne 3n e !  !  m L m L v o v l o # l m # e m t e r t i r  i  & i & & i e & t e )h ) r h e r e e e 2 0 2  0  m L m L b r b e r a e 9 a ers 3ne 3n e !  !  m L gr g at#a # t a e t $ e & i & & i e & t e Page !"  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t Magnet e i s ti t rrer an a $ n $ s tir bar 3ne 3n e s ti t r i r r i r n i g n g r o r $ o &  H & meter 3ne 3n e m e m $ e iine $ro&&e & r =a = t a e t r e r ba b t a h t B B (r o (r c o e c * e u * r u e r " e %yst s em +" + Deion o iE i e* * Fa F te t r
=e have abo#t !0 mL o% $eioni8e$ boile$ %or ! min#tes in a 20 mL bea9er an a $ n $ then o  o o l o e l $ e $ t o t o r o r o o m o tem e & m e & r e at a # t r # e r ( e )h ) e h e n e n + e t + t s t s e t & e & i s i s t o o & o & # o r # r a b a o b # o t  0  0 mL L o % o t h t e h e r o r o o m o m t e t m e & m e & r e a r t a # t r # e r e 1a t 1a e t r e r i n i t n o t o a a ! 0 0  m L m bea9 a e 9 r e ( r ( ) h ) e h n e n 1e 1e a$ a $ $ $ a a st s i t r bar a r to the be b a e 9 a e 9 r e r an a $ n $ &lae the h e be b a e 9 a e 9 r on a a ma m g a n g et e i bar stirrer( 6ss s e s m e b m l b e l e & H & H m e m t e e t r e ( r =e = re r o  r o $ $ the h e &H val a # l e # an a $ n th t en e n s1irl r the h e 1at a e t r e 1it i h h the h e mag a n g e n ti t  i sti t rr r er e r %o % r r
abo#t 2 seon$s( -eor$ the &H again an$ re&eat the stirring an$ meas#rement &  r & o r  o e  s e s s s a t a t 2  2  s e s  e o  n o $ n $ in i t n e t r e v r a v l a s l , s , r e r  e o  r o $ r i $ n i g n e a e  a h h t i t me e a n a $ $ & H va v l a #e # , e , #n # t n i t l i l t h t e h r e e r e i s i s n o n a& a & & r & e r  e i  ab a l b e l e  h  a h n a g n e g e i n i n t h t e h e & H( & %yst s em "  %tron o g ac a i* i Me M a e s a #re t h t e h e &H b H y # s # i s n i g n g & i & & i e & t e t to t a t 9 a e 9 e !  !  m L m L o % o %  (  ! ( ! M M HCl i n i t n o t o a 20 2  0  m L m L b e b a e 9 a e 9 r e ( r Me M a e s# s r # e e the h e &H & a%t % er e r a$$ $ $ 5 5  mL L o% o $i $ s i ti t ll l e$ e $ 1ate t r e in i t n o o the h e be b a e 9e 9 r e ( r Me M a e s# s r # e e th t e &  H( & ! !  m L m L o % o %  (  ! (  !  M M a 3H a 1a 3H s 1a s a $ a $ $ e $ $ e $ int n o t o t h t e h e be b a e 9 a e 9 r e ( -e  -e o  r o $ t h t e h e &H( 5 5  m L m L o % o %  (   ( !  ! M M a 3H a 1a 3H s 1a s a $ a $ $ e $ $ e $ int n o t o t h t e h e be b a e 9 a e 9 r e ( -e  -e o  r o $ t h t e h e &H( %y % st s e t m e  5  " 5 > e > a a ci* i 2 2  m L m L o % o %  (  ! ( ! M M a  a e  t e i t  i  a  a i  $ i $ 1a s 1a s & la l  a e  $ e $ i n i t n o t o ! 0 !  0  m L m L b e b a e 9 a e 9 r e ( r
Using (! M aeti ai$ $ a s a a s ta t r a ti t ng n g & o & int n , , m a m 9 a e t h t r h ee e e $ i $ l# l tions r es#lting in t1o $i $ % i % % e % r e e r n e t n t  o  nen e t n r t at a i t o i n o s n , s , i (i ( e i e  (   ( !  ! a n a $ n $  (   (   !  ! M ( Mea e s#r # e the h &H & o% % ea a h h thes e e sol o #ti t on n an$ n al a #l # ate t the h a a %or ea e h  o% % the h sol#tions( Page !0  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t %yst s em ." . %alts t 0 0  m L m L o % o %  (  ! ( ! M M a Cl a Cl 1a s 1a s & l & a l  a e  $ e $ i n i t n o t o a a ! 0 !  0  m L m L b e b a e 9 a e 9 r e ( ( M e M a e s a # s r # e r e t h t e h e & H( & Pla Pl  a e  e 0  0  m L m L o % o %  (   ( !  ! M M CH .C33H i C33H nto a a ! 0 0  m L m L b e b a e 9 a e 9 r( M e M a e s a # s r # e r e t he & H( &H( Pla Pl  a e  e 0  0 m L m L o % (  ! ( ! M H "Cl Cl i n i t n o t o a a ! 0 !  m L m L b ea e 9 a e 9 r e ( r ( M e M a e s a # s r # e r e t h t e h e & H( & %yst s e t m e :" : " Bu! Bu ! ! e ! r e s r
! mL eah o% (! M CH.C33H an$ (! M CH CH.C33a a 1er e e &lae$ into se s & e e & r e a r t a e t e ! 0 !  0 m  L m L b e b a e 9 a e 9 r e ( r Pr P e r & e a & r a e r e b # b % # % % e % r e r 6, 6, / , C /, b C y b y m i m + i i + n i g n g t h t e h s e e s e t 1o t 1o s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o s n s a s a s s h s o h 1n o 1n i n i n t h t e h e t a t b a l b e l e b e b l e o l 1( o Meas#re t h t e h e & H & o H % o % t h t e h e b # b % # % % e % r e r s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o ( n • Div Di i v $ i e $ e e a e  a h  h o % o % t h t e h e . . b # b % # % % e % r e s r s i n i t n o t o e 4 e # 4 a # l a l & ar a ts A20( 0  (  m L e a e  a h  B h Par Pa t r t !: ! : For Fo r o n o e n e sa s m a & m l & e l e o% o % ea e  a h b# b % # % % e % r e : r - - 6$$ !  $r $ o r & o s & o% o %  (  ! ( ! M HCl ( HCl ( M eas#re t h t e h e & H( H( - - 6$$ 6$ $ e n e o#g # h g h t o t o  h  a h n a g n e g e t h t e h e & H & b H y b y o n o e n e # n # i n t i t % r % o r m o m t h t e h e s t s a t r a t r ( t ( -eo r -eo $ r $ t h t e h e v o v l o #m # e m ( e Par Pa t r t 2: For Fo r one e sa s m a & m l & e l e o% o % ea e  a h b# b % # % % e % r e : r - - 6$$ !  $r $ o r & o s & o% o %  (  ! ( ! M M a 3H( M e M a e s a # s r # e r e t he & H( &H( - - 6$$ 6$ $ e n e o#g # h g h t o t o  h  a h n a g n e g e t h t e h e & H & b H y b y o n o e n e # n # i n t i t % r % o r m o m t e t e s t s a t r a t r ( t ( -eor$ t -eor$ h t e h e v o v l o # l m # e m ( e II I I I  I  D ) D T) )T ) ) & ) D & D D I D % I C % U% U %I % '& ' + +  p H p '4 H '4 D #I D '& #I I '&  I #D  #D > ) > T ) #R T  #R T Tiime 1s3 'bserve* pH # #$ $planation 9 2 2 6  7 6 )h ) e h e $ e $ i e o i n o i n 8 i e 8 $ e $ 1 a 1 t a e t r e r i n i n t h t e h e l a l b a o b r o a r t a o t r o y r y r o r o o m o m h a h s a s a a & H & v H a v l a #e # a& a & & r & o r + o i + ma m t a el e y l y  (   ( (  ( ) h ) e h e & r & o o e  s e s s o % o % $ i $ s i t s i t l i l l a l t a i t o i n o n l e l a e $ a s $ 1a t 1a e t r e 9  2 2 +  2 + mo m l o e l  e #  l # e l s e s t o t o a  a   e  s e s s s t h t e h e a i a r i r  o  n o t n a t i a n i e n $ e $ C3 2g  a g s a n a $ s t s i t rring .9 . 0 0 6  6 6 en e  n o  # o r # a r g a e g e m o m r o e r e a n a $ n $ m o m r o e r e C3 2$  i $ ssolve$, , s o o t h t e h o  n o  n e  n e t n r t a r t a i t o i n o n o % o % a  a i  $ i $ i n i n $ i $ s i t s i t ll l e l $ e $ 1a t 1a e t r e r a t a t t h t a h t a t t i t m i e m 09 0 0 0 0  2 0 in i  n r  e r a e s a e s s e s a n a $ n $ t h t e h e & H & v H a v l a # l e # e $er  e r a e s a es a s a s a r es#lt( 6% 6 t % er e r a sh s o h r o t r t & e & r e io i $ o $ o % o t i t me m , e , $ # $ e # e t o t o t h t e h e 1ater $o $ e o s e s n ot a b a s b o s r o b r b a ll o% Page !'  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t 69 6 0 0 5  . 5 C32 %rom o m t h t e h e ai a r i , r , t h t e h e b a b l a a l n a  n e  e s tage g e h a&&e & n e s n s a n$ $ t he h e & H va v l a # l e # e i s i s s t s a t b a l b e l +99 0 0   0  +9 0 0 +  7 + +.9 0 0 9  7 9 +09 : : 2  + 2 +69 : : :  5 : Co C mm m e m n e t n " )h ) e h e & H & o% $ei e o i n o i n 8 i e 8 $ e $ 1ater ten$s $ to b e b e lo1er 1e r t h t a h n a n normal 1ater b 1ater e b  e a  # a s # e s e t h t e h $i $ s i s s o s l o v l e v $ e $ s al a t l s t s A i A o i n o s n B s B i n i n t h t e h e n o n r o ma m l a l 1a t 1a e t r e r  a  n a n n e n # e t # r t a r l a i l 8 i e 8 e t h t a h t a i s i a l a s l o s o $ i $ s i s s o s l o v l e v $ e $ i n i n t h t e h e 1at 1a e t r e ( r    p H p '4 H % '4 TR % ' TR & ' G & ) G C ) I C D I %olution T Th heoretical Mea e s a ure r * e #$pl p aina n tion o pH pH <!  m L o% (  ! ( M ! !(!" HCl HCl i s i s s tr t o r n o g n g a  a i  $ i $ s o s o i t i s t s & H & v H a v l a # l e # e is small HCl as a s t he e E HN  Q Q  (  ! invo v l o v l e v $ e $ i n( =he h n e n a$$ $ i $ n i g n the $ istille$ 1a ter into HCl , the s ol#tion < 6$$ 6$ $ 5  5 mL o% 2 !(5 b  e b  e o  m o e m s e s $ i $ l i # l t # e t $ e $ a n a $ n $ t h t e h e  o  n o  n e  n e t n r t at a i t o i n o n o % o $i $ stille l $ e $ 1a ter HN $e $  e r  e r a e s a es e ( s ( ) he s y s s y t s em e m h a h s a s t h t e h e  #  r # r r e r n e t n < 6$$ 6$ $ !  ! mL o% EHN E HN Q  Q (   ( !  , ! , t h t # h s # s t h t e h e & H & v H a v l a #e # e  a  l a  l #  l # a l t a e t $ e (  ! ( M ! M a 3H a e4 e # 4 a # l a t o t o 2  !!(!2 ! )h ) e h e & H & v H a v l a # l e # e 9 e 9 e e & e s & s i n i  n r  e r a e s a in i g n g $ # $ e # e t o t o t h t e h < 6$$ 6$ $ 5  5 mL o% !!( !  !!(!  (   ( !  M ! M a 3H a a$$ition o % o % a 3H, a 3H7$  i $ ssolves a n a $ n ;oins 1ith HNi  n i n t he h e m i m + i t + # t r # e r e t o o m a m 9 a e 9 e H23( H23( ) h ) # h s # th t e h e s ystem e i s i s n e#tral a n a $ n $ the e & H r H a r i a s i e s s e s i n i t n o t ( =h = e h n e n 1 e 1 e  o  n o t n i t n i # n e # e t o t o a $ a $ $ $ 5  5 m  L m L o % o %  (   ( !  a  3H a t 3H o t o t h t e h e m i m + i t + # t r # e r , e , t h t e h e E 3H E 7 i n i  n r  e r a e s a e s an a $ n $ e 4 e # 4 a # l a t o t o 2 ( 2 . ( . s o s o t h t e h e & H & H v a v l a # l e # e r ai a s i e s s e th t e h o e retially t o ! !(( Data t a Ca C l a c l u c l u a l t a i t o i n o " n Page !  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t )h ) e h e m o m l o e l e o % o % !  ! m  L m L o % o %  ,  ! , ! M M HCL : HCL : n n Q CM Q CM + +  Q   Q ,  ! , + ! +  (   ( !  Q ! ! Q  ! 7.A  m A o m l o B l )h ) e h e t h t e h o e r o i r t i i t  i a  l a l & H & o H % o % !  !  m L o% o %  ,! M M H Cl HCl: &H Q 7 Q log o E g  E (  ! (  !  Q ! Q 6%t 6% e t r e r a $ a $ $ i $ n i g n g 5  5  m L m L o % o $ i $ s i t s il i l l e l $ e $ 1a t 1a e t r e r , , t h t e h e  o  % o % s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n i n n r  e r a e s a e s s e s t o o !  !   m  L m Q L  Q ,  ! , ! L )h ) # h s # s E H E NQ n n Q  ! Q  ! 7.   ,  ! , Q ! (!  ! M )h ) e h e t h t e h o e r o i r t i i t  i a  l a l & H &H o % o %  ,   , !  M ! M HCl : HCl : & HQ & 7logE g , , !   !  Q 2 6%t 6% e t r e r a $ a $ $ i $ n i g n g 5  5  m L m L o % o  (   ( !  M ! M a 3H, a 3H, t h t e h e  o  % o % s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o n i n i  n r  e r a e s a e s s e s t o t o ! 5 !  5 m  L m Q L ,!5 L )h ) e h e m o m l o e l e o % o % t h t e h e a $ a $ $ i $ n i g n g 3H 7Q  C Q 7" M+  +  Q   Q (  ! + (   ( 5  Q 5+! ! 7 AmoleB )he  #  rren e t n E 3H7 Q n Q  n  Q  5+ 5 ! +  ! 7" 7 (!5 ! ( 5 ( ) h#s # s t h t e h e % i % n i a n l a l & H &H Q ! Q " 7 7 A7 A lo l g o E g 5+ 5 ! + 7"  (  ! ( 5 ! B Q ! Q ! ! ( Co C mm m e m n e t n " )h ) e h e & H & val#e e $ e $ & e e & n e $ n s $ s o n o n  o  n o  n e  n e t n r t a r t a i t o i n o n o % o HN(Strong g a  a i  $ i $ o %ten h ave a a s m s a m l a l l &  H & v H a v l#e be b  e a  # a s # e e t h t e h e i t $issolves om o & m l & e l t e e t l e y in n 1a t 1a er to &r & o r $ o # $  # e  e t h t e h e lar a g r e g e a m a o m # o n # t n t o % o % H N( )he & H o% o % s tr t o r n o g n g a  a i  $ i $ 1i ll l b e b e in i  n r  e r a e s a e s e 1h e 1h n e n E 3H7 3H7  i s s i n n reas a e s $ e ( $ ( ) h ) e h r e r a e l a i l t i y t y v a v l a # l e # e o % o % & H & in i n t h t e h e e + e & + e & r e im i e m n e t n i s i $ i $ % i % % er e e r n e t n t  o  m o & m a & r a i r n i g n g 1i t 1i h t h t h t e h e t h t e h o e r o e r t e i t  i a  l a l o n o e n e $ # $ e # e to t o t he l a l b a o b r o at a o t r o y o  n o $ n i $ ti t o i n o s n s a n a $ n $ t h t e h e m i m st s a t 9 a e 9 e $ # $ r # i r n i g n g e + e & + e & r e i r m i e m n e t n a t l a l & r & o r  o e  $ e # $ r # e r ( e 5 5  p H p '4 H > '4 #) > / #) ) / C ) I C D I %olution Measure* /a # #$ $plaination pH (!M a a e  t e i i 2(' "('+!70 CH.C33H & C33H l & a l y a s y s r o r l o e l e a s a s t h t e h e v e v r e y r y 1 e 1 a e 9 a 9 a  a i  $ i , $ a a i  $ i res#lts in $ issolvi v ng & artially a n$ %or o m r i m n i g n g l ittle l HN, , 1h i 1h  i h  h l ea e $ a s $ t o t o t h t e h e & H & v H a v l a # l e # e is highe h r e r t h t a h n a (   ( !  M a a e  t e i t  i .(0 (2+!70 the s t s r t o r n o g n g a  a i$( ) h ) e h e l e l s e s s s  o  n o  n e  n e t n r t a r t a i t o i n o n o % o % H Nin a a i  $ i th t e h e a  a e  t e i t  i  a  a i  $ $ s o s l o # l t # i t o i n o , n , t h t e h e m o m r o e r e i n i  n r  e r a e s a i s n i g n g i n i th t e h e & H & H v a v l a # l e # ( e (   (   !  M ! "(!2 '(2.+!7' aeti a i$ Data t a Ca C l a c l u c l u a l t a i t o i n o " n Determining t h t e h e ab  a b s a e s e o n o n t h t e h e m e m a e s a # s r # e r $ e $ & H & o H % o : % First, t ,  (! M M a i  $ i $ a  a e  t e i t  i CH.C33HO C33HO H N N CH.C337 Page !  Intern In ation tern al ation Univer Un sit iver y, sit y, HCMC HCM Gen e era r l Chem e ist s ry y Lab a orat a ory r Repor o t Initial (!   ACMB C Ch hange 7+ + + *4#ilibri#m (!7+ + + EH E + + F F E E C C H H . . C C 3 3 3 3 F +2 + 72 7 ( 2 ' (  ' 2 72 7 ( 2 ' (  ' 70 )h ) # h s # s t h t e h e  a Q E E C C H H .C.C 3 3 3 3 H H F F Q  ! (  −x Q A Q ! ! B   (  ! ( ! 7 7 !  ! Q "( " ' (  ' +  ! +  ! Se Se o  n o $ n , $ ,  (   ( !  ! M M a  a i  $ i $ a  a e  t e i t  i  a n a $ n $ a & a & & l & y l i y n i g n g t h t e h e s a s m a e m e e 4 e # 4 a # t a i t o i n o n a b a o b v o e v EH E +ECH. CH C33 .  )h ) # h s # s t h t e h e  7.(0 7.(0 aQ Q A Q !
! 7.(0B2(!7 !7.( Q ( ( 2  + 2 !70 7 ECH. E C3 CH. 3H C3 )h ) i h r i $ r , $ ,  (   (   !  ! M M a  a i  $ i $ a  a e  t e i t  i  a n a $ n $ a & a & & l & y l i y n i g n g t h t e h e s a s m a e m e e 4 e # 4 a # t a i t o i n o n a b a o b v o e v EH E + + F F E E C C H H . . C C 3 3 3 3 F )h ) # h s # s t h t e h e  7"(!2 7"(!2 7' a Q QA! QA  ! 7"(!2B2(   ( !7 ! ! ! 7"(!2 Q Q '(2. 2 + . !7 E E C C H H .C.C 3 3 3 3 H H F F (!  ! M ai$ a a e  t e i i  (!  ! (!  ! (!  EH E +ECH. CH C33 .   7"(!2 70 aQ Q Q A! A  ! 7"(!2+  +  (   (   !  B !  B (!Q ! ' Q ( ' . . + + ! 7 ECH. E C3 CH. 3H C3 . .  p H p H o! o ! %) % L ) T% L " T% %olution ( (r re*icte* Mea e s a ure r * e #$pl p aina n tion o pH pH (  ! ( M ! M  aCl a 2 0("0 aCl is a salt o % strong a i$ A HClB a n$ a strong b  a b s a e s e A a A 3HB a , 3HB , 1h i 1h  i h  h m a m 9 a e 9 s e s a Cl a h Cl a h v a e v e t h t e h (  ! ( M ! 2 (  !! ! ne n # e t # r t a r l a l & r & o r & o e & r e t r y t y a n a $ n $ t h t e h e & H & v H a v l a #e # e r e r a e  a h  h t o t o  CH.C33a C33a CH.C3 CH. 3a C3 3a i s i t h t e h e s a s l a t l t o % o a a 1e a 1e 9 a 9 a  a i  $ i (  ! ( M ! M H "Cl J2 '(2 ACH. A C33H CH.C3 B 3HB a n a $ n $ t he e s t s r t o r n o g n g b a b s a e s e A a A 3HB, a3HB, 1hi 1h  i h  h m a m 9 a e 9 s e s t h t i h s i s s # s b # s b t s a t n a  n e  e h a h v a e v e t h t e h e b a b s a e &  r & o r & o e & r e t r y t y a n a $ n $ t h t e h e & H & H v a v l a # l e # e i s i s l a l r a g r e g r e r t h t a h n a n  (  H"  Cl H" Cl i s i s t h t e h e s a s l a t l t o % o % a a s t s r t o r n o g n g a  a i  $ $ A HCl A B HCl B a n a $ n $ t h t e h 1ea9 9 b a b s a e s e A H"3HB H" , 3HB , 1h i 1h h m a9es t h t i h s i s# s b # s b ta t n a  n e e h a h ve v e t he a  a i  $ $ & r & o r & o e & r e ty an$ n $ t h t e h e & H & val#e e i s i s l es e s than n (  Page !5

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