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Chemistry Laboratory (CH012IU) 59 tài liệu

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Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh 695 tài liệu

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Pdf report-2 compress - Chemistry Laboratory | Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố HCM

108 54 lượt tải Tải xuống



CHEMISTRY LABORATORYCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

REPORTREPORT

Experiment 2: pH ANDExperiment 2: pH AND

BUFFERSBUFFERS

TToo:: InstructorInstructor: PhD Hoang Le Son: PhD Hoang Le Son

FromFrom: Do Truong Anh Thu -: Do Truong Anh Thu - Student ID:Student ID:BTBCIU14046BTBCIU14046

Subject:Subject:

General Chemisr! La"oraor!General Chemisr! La"oraor!

DateDate

: #$o"er 1%: #$o"er 1%

hh

& %01'& %01'



I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION

This e()erimen )ro*i+es us he meho+ o $onrol or e,uili"rium he s!sem "! he )HThis e()erimen )ro*i+es us he meho+ o $onrol or e,uili"rium he s!sem "! he )H

*alue I is *er! im)oran .or organisms o mainain a sa"le )H Biologi$al mole$ules*alue I is *er! im)oran .or organisms o mainain a sa"le )H Biologi$al mole$ules

su$h as )roeins .un$ion onl! a a $erain )H le*el an+ an! $hanges in )H $an resul insu$h as )roeins .un$ion onl! a a $erain )H le*el an+ an! $hanges in )H $an resul in

hem no .un$ioning )ro)erl! The $on$enraion o. Hhem no .un$ioning )ro)erl! The $on$enraion o. H

in he soluion ells ho a$i+i$ orin he soluion ells ho a$i+i$ or

alaline a su"san$e is an+ i is iner)ree+ "! he )H& an+ "u..ers are he soluion oalaline a su"san$e is an+ i is iner)ree+ "! he )H& an+ "u..ers are he soluion o

mainain his *alue The srong or ea "ase2a$i+ an+ he neural soluion ha*e +i..erenmainain his *alue The srong or ea "ase2a$i+ an+ he neural soluion ha*e +i..eren

)H *alue an+ e )H *alue an+ e $an no more a"$an no more a"ou his as ell as $al$ulaions relae+ ou his as ell as $al$ulaions relae+ o )H *alue& oro )H *alue& or

ho "u..ers $onrol he )H hrough his e()erimenho "u..ers $onrol he )H hrough his e()erimen

II. PROCEDUREII. PROCEDURE

A. Instruments:A. Instruments:

Three 1'0 mL "eaersThree 1'0 mL "eaers

Three %'0 mL "reaersThree %'0 mL "reaers

#ne 10 mL *olumeri$ )i)e#ne 10 mL *olumeri$ )i)e

#ne 10 mL grauae+ )i)e#ne 10 mL grauae+ )i)e

3agnei$ sirrer an+ sir "ar3agnei$ sirrer an+ sir "ar

)H meer)H meer

aer "ahaer "ah

#ne sirring ro+#ne sirring ro+

#ne me+i$ine +ro))er#ne me+i$ine +ro))er



B. Procedure:B. Procedure:

System !: De"on"#ed $aterSystem !: De"on"#ed $ater



e ha*e a"ou 1'0 mL o. +eioni5e+ "oile+ .or 10 minues in a %'0 mL "eaer an+ hene ha*e a"ou 1'0 mL o. +eioni5e+ "oile+ .or 10 minues in a %'0 mL "eaer an+ hen

$oole+ o room em)eraure$oole+ o room em)eraure



The ne( se) is o )our a"ou ' mL o. he room em)eraure aer ino a 1'0 mLThe ne( se) is o )our a"ou ' mL o. he room em)eraure aer ino a 1'0 mL

"eaer "eaer Then Then e e a++ a++ a a sir sir "ar "ar o o he he "eaer "eaer an+ an+ )la$e )la$e he he "eaer "eaer on on a a magnei$ magnei$ "ar"ar

sirrer Assem"le )H meersirrer Assem"le )H meer

 e re$or+ he )H *alue an+ hen sirl he aer ih he magnei$ sirrer .or a"ou %0e re$or+ he )H *alue an+ hen sirl he aer ih he magnei$ sirrer .or a"ou %0

se$on+s 7e$or+ he )H again an+ re)ea he sirring an+ measuremen )ro$ess a %0se$on+s 7e$or+ he )H again an+ re)ea he sirring an+ measuremen )ro$ess a %0

se$on+ iner*als& re$or+ing ea$h ime an+ )H *alue& unil here is no a))re$ia"le $hangese$on+ iner*als& re$or+ing ea$h ime an+ )H *alue& unil here is no a))re$ia"le $hange

in he )Hin he )H

System %: Stron& ac"dSystem %: Stron& ac"d



3easure he )H "! using 3easure he )H "! using )i)e o ae 10 mL o. 01 3 HCl ino )i)e o ae 10 mL o. 01 3 HCl ino a %'0 mL "eaera %'0 mL "eaer



3easure he )H a.er a++ 80 3easure he )H a.er a++ 80 mL o. +isille+ aer ino he "eaer 3easure he )HmL o. +isille+ aer ino he "eaer 3easure he )H

 10 mL o. 010 3 9a#H as a++e+ 10 mL o. 010 3 9a#H as a++e+ ino he "eaer 7e$or+ he )Hino he "eaer 7e$or+ he )H

 80 mL o. 001 3 9a#H as a++e+ 80 mL o. 001 3 9a#H as a++e+ ino he "eaer 7e$or+ he )Hino he "eaer 7e$or+ he )H

System ': (ea) ac"dSystem ': (ea) ac"d

 %0 mL o. 01 3 a$ei$ a$i+ as )la$%0 mL o. 01 3 a$ei$ a$i+ as )la$e+ ino 1'0 mL "eaere+ ino 1'0 mL "eaer



Using 01 3 a$ei$ a$i+ as a saring )oin& mae hree +iluions resuling in o +i..erenUsing 01 3 a$ei$ a$i+ as a saring )oin& mae hree +iluions resuling in o +i..eren

$on$enraions& iie 001 an+ 0001 3$on$enraions& iie 001 an+ 0001 3



3easure he )H o. ea$h 3easure he )H o. ea$h hese soluion an+ $al$ulae he a hese soluion an+ $al$ulae he a .or ea$h o. he soluions.or ea$h o. he soluions

System *: Sa+tsSystem *: Sa+ts



'0 mL o. 01 3 9aCl as )la$e+ ino '0 mL o. 01 3 9aCl as )la$e+ ino a 1'0 mL "eaer 3easure he )Ha 1'0 mL "eaer 3easure he )H

 Pla$e '0 mL o. 001 3 CHPla$e '0 mL o. 001 3 CH

;;

C##H ino a 1'0 mL "eaer 3easure he )HC##H ino a 1'0 mL "eaer 3easure he )H



Pla$e '0 mL o. 01 3 9HPla$e '0 mL o. 01 3 9H

Cl ino a 1'0 mL "eaer 3easure he )HCl ino a 1'0 mL "eaer 3easure he )H



System ,: Bu--ersSystem ,: Bu--ers



100 mL ea$h o. 01 3 CH100 mL ea$h o. 01 3 CH

;;

C##H an+ 01 3 CHC##H an+ 01 3 CH

;;

C##9a ere )la$e+ ino se)eraeC##9a ere )la$e+ ino se)erae

1'0mL "eaer1'0mL "eaer



Pre)are "u..er A& B& C "! mi(ing hese o soluions as shon in he a"le "eloPre)are "u..er A& B& C "! mi(ing hese o soluions as shon in he a"le "elo

3easure he )H o. he "u..er soluion3easure he )H o. he "u..er soluion

•• Di*i+e ea$h o. he ; Di*i+e ea$h o. he ; "u..ers ino e,ual )ars <%'0 mL ea$h="u..ers ino e,ual )ars <%'0 mL ea$h=

 Par 1: Par 1: >or one sam)le >or one sam)le o. ea$h "u..o. ea$h "u..er:er:

-- A++ 10 +ro)s o. 01 3 HCl 3easure he )HA++ 10 +ro)s o. 01 3 HCl 3easure he )H

-- A++ enough o $hange he )H "! one uni .rom he sar 7e$or+ he *olumeA++ enough o $hange he )H "! one uni .rom he sar 7e$or+ he *olume



Par %: Par %: >or one sam)le >or one sam)le o. ea$h "u..o. ea$h "u..er:er:

-- A++ 10 +ro)s o. 01 3 9a#H 3easure he )HA++ 10 +ro)s o. 01 3 9a#H 3easure he )H

-- A++ enough o $hange he )H "! one uni .rom e sar 7e$or+ he *olumeA++ enough o $hange he )H "! one uni .rom e sar 7e$or+ he *olume

III. DATA AND DISCUSSIONIII. DATA AND DISCUSSION

!. / OF DEIONI0ED (ATER!. / OF DEIONI0ED (ATER



TT""mme e 11ss22 OObbsseerr33eed d // EE44++aannaatt""oonn

%5%5

*5*5

6565

7575

!55!55

8.'78.'7

8.%,8.%,

8.!88.!8

8.!'8.!'

8.!58.!5

8.5*8.5*

The +eioni5e+ aer in he la"oraor! room has a )H *alueThe +eioni5e+ aer in he la"oraor! room has a )H *alue

a))ro(imael! 0 The )ro$ess o. +isillaion lea+s aera))ro(imael! 0 The )ro$ess o. +isillaion lea+s aer

mole$ules o a$$ess he air $onaine+ C#mole$ules o a$$ess he air $onaine+ C#

gas an+ sirringgas an+ sirring

en$ourage more an+ more C#en$ourage more an+ more C#

+issol*e+& so he+issol*e+& so he

$on$enraion o. a$i+ in +isille+ aer a ha ime$on$enraion o. a$i+ in +isille+ aer a ha ime

in$reases an+ he )H *alue +e$reases as a resul A.er ain$reases an+ he )H *alue +e$reases as a resul A.er a

shor )erio+ o. ime& +ue o he aer +oes no a"sor" all o.shor )erio+ o. ime& +ue o he aer +oes no a"sor" all o.

C#C#

.rom he air& he "alan$e sage ha))ens an+ he )H.rom he air& he "alan$e sage ha))ens an+ he )H

*alue is sa"le*alue is sa"le



Comment:Comment: The )H o. +eioni5e+ aer en+s o "e loer han normal aer "e$ause heThe )H o. +eioni5e+ aer en+s o "e loer han normal aer "e$ause he

+issol*e+ sals <ions= in he normal aer $an neurali5e ha is also +issol*e+ in he +issol*e+ sals <ions= in he normal aer $an neurali5e ha is also +issol*e+ in he aeraer

%. / OF STRON9 ACID%. / OF STRON9 ACID

SSoo++uutt""oonn TTeeoorreett""ccaa++

//

;easured;easured

//

E4+a"nat"onE4+a"nat"on

?10 mL o. 013?10 mL o. 013

HClHCl

? A++ 80 mL ? A++ 80 mL o.o.

+isille+ aer+isille+ aer

? A++ 10 mL ? A++ 10 mL o.o.

013 9a#H013 9a#H

? A++ 80 mL ? A++ 80 mL o.o.

0013 9a#H0013 9a#H



1111

-;1@-;1@

0%0%

084084

1'41'4

HCl is srong a$i+ so is )H *alue is smallHCl is srong a$i+ so is )H *alue is small

as he Has he H

  01 in*ol*e+ in hen  01 in*ol*e+ in hen

a++ing he +isille+ aer ino HCl& hea++ing he +isille+ aer ino HCl& he

soluion "e$omes +ilue+ an+ hesoluion "e$omes +ilue+ an+ he

$on$enraion o. H$on$enraion o. H

+e$reases The s!sem+e$reases The s!sem

has he $urren H/  001& hus he )Hhas he $urren H/  001& hus he )H

*alue $al$ulae+ e,ual o %*alue $al$ulae+ e,ual o %

The )H *alue ee)s in$reasing +ue o heThe )H *alue ee)s in$reasing +ue o he

a++iion o. 9a#H& #Ha++iion o. 9a#H& #H

+issol*es an+ oins+issol*es an+ oins

ih Hih H

in he mi(ure o mae H%# Thusin he mi(ure o mae H%# Thus

he s!sem is neural an+ he )H raise inohe s!sem is neural an+ he )H raise ino



hen e $oninue o a++ hen e $oninue o a++ 80mL o. 00180mL o. 001

9a#H o he mi(ure& he #H9a#H o he mi(ure& he #H

 in$rease in$rease

an+ e,ual o %; so he )H *alue raisean+ e,ual o %; so he )H *alue raise

heorei$all! o 11heorei$all! o 11

Data Ca+cu+at"on:Data Ca+cu+at"on:

The mole o. 10mL o. 0&1 3 HCL: n The mole o. 10mL o. 0&1 3 HCL: n  C3 ( E  0&1( 001  C3 ( E  0&1( 001 1010

-;-;

<mol=<mol=

The heorii$al )H o. 10 mL o. 0&1 3 HCl: )H The heorii$al )H o. 10 mL o. 0&1 3 HCl: )H  -log01  1 -log01  1

A.er a++ing 80 mL o. +isille+ aer & he E o. soluion in$reases o 100mL 01 A.er a++ing 80 mL o. +isille+ aer & he E o. soluion in$reases o 100mL 01 LL

Thus HThus H

  n2E 10  n2E 10

-;-;

2 01 001 32 01 001 3

The heorii$al )H o. 0&013 HCl: )H -log0&01  The heorii$al )H o. 0&013 HCl: )H -log0&01  %%

A.er a++ing 80 mL o. 013 9a#H& he E o. soluion in$reases o 180mL 0&18 LA.er a++ing 80 mL o. 013 9a#H& he E o. soluion in$reases o 180mL 0&18 L

The mole o. he a++ing #HThe mole o. he a++ing #H

 C C

( E  001 ( 008  8(10( E  001 ( 008  8(10

-4-4

<mole=<mole=



The $urren #HThe $urren #H

  n2E  8(10  n2E  8(10

-4-4

2018 Thus he .inal )H  14 2018 Thus he .inal )H  14 - <-log 8(10- <-log 8(10

-4-4

2018=  112018=  11

Comment:Comment:

The )H *alue +e)en+s on $on$enraion o. HThe )H *alue +e)en+s on $on$enraion o. H

Srong a$i+ o.en ha*e a small )HSrong a$i+ o.en ha*e a small )H

*alue "e$ause he i +issol*es $om)leel! in aer *alue "e$ause he i +issol*es $om)leel! in aer o )ro+u$e he large amoun o. Ho )ro+u$e he large amoun o. H

 The )H o. The )H o.

srong a$i+ ill "e in$rease hen #H- is in$rease+ The srong a$i+ ill "e in$rease hen #H- is in$rease+ The reali! *alue o. )H in he e()ereali! *alue o. )H in he e()erimen isrimen is

+i..eren $om)aring ih he heorei$al one +ue o he +i..eren $om)aring ih he heorei$al one +ue o he la"oraor! $on+iions an+ he misaela"oraor! $on+iions an+ he misae

+uring e()erimenal )ro$e+ure+uring e()erimenal )ro$e+ure

Note:Note: The resuls in his e()erimen are rong "e$ause The resuls in his e()erimen are rong "e$ause he )H meer is rong& m! grou) he )H meer is rong& m! grou) rie+ orie+ o

measure )H o. 9a#H an+ HCl manmeasure )H o. 9a#H an+ HCl man! imes "u i is no righ! imes "u i is no righ

'. / '. / OF (EA< ACIDOF (EA< ACID

SSoo++uutt""oonn ;;eeaassuurreedd

//

<<aa EE44++aa""nnaatt""oonn

013 a$ei$013 a$ei$

a$i+a$i+

%%4444 11;;66((1100

-4-4

CHCH

;;

C##H )la!s role as he *er! ea a$i+&C##H )la!s role as he *er! ea a$i+&

resuls in +issol*ing )ariall! an+ .orming resuls in +issol*ing )ariall! an+ .orming lilelile

& hi$h lea+s o he )H *alue is higher han& hi$h lea+s o he )H *alue is higher han

he srong a$i+ The less $on$enraion o. Hhe srong a$i+ The less $on$enraion o. H

inin

he a$ei$ a$i+ soluion& he more in$reasing inhe a$ei$ a$i+ soluion& he more in$reasing in

he )H *aluehe )H *alue

0013 a$ei$0013 a$ei$

a$i+a$i+

;;0044 8811''((1100

-'-'

0001300013

a$ei$ a$i+a$ei$ a$i+

;;6666 6611%%((1100

-'-'

Data Ca+cu+at"on:Data Ca+cu+at"on:

Deermining he Deermining he 

"ase on he measure+ )H o.:"ase on he measure+ )H o.:

>irs& 01 3 a$i+ a$ei$>irs& 01 3 a$i+ a$ei$

CHCH

;;

C##H C##H F F HH

/ / CHCH

;;

C##C##

IInniiiiaall 0011 00 00

 <C<C

CChhaannggee (( (( ((

,,uuiillii""rriiuumm 0011--( ( (( ((

Thus he Thus he 



ACH;C##HBACH;C##HB

BBBACH;C##BACH;C##AHAH



xx−−

11--00

(%(%

 <10 <10

-%44-%44

2 <01 - 102 <01 - 10

-%44-%44



 1;6(10 1;6(10

-4-4



Se$on+& 001 3 a$i+ a$ei$ an+ a))l!ing he same e,uaion a"o*eSe$on+& 001 3 a$i+ a$ei$ an+ a))l!ing he same e,uaion a"o*e

Thus he Thus he 



ACH;C##HBACH;C##HB

BBBACH;C##BACH;C##AHAH

 <10 <10

-;04-;04

2 <001- 102 <001- 10

-;04-;04

=  81'(10=  81'(10

-'-'

Thir+& 0001 3 a$i+ a$ei$ an+ a))l!ing he same e,uaion a"o*eThir+& 0001 3 a$i+ a$ei$ an+ a))l!ing he same e,uaion a"o*e

Thus he Thus he 



ACH;C##HBACH;C##HB

BBBACH;C##BACH;C##AHAH

 <10 <10

-;66-;66

2 <0001- 102 <0001- 10

-;66-;66

=  61%(10=  61%(10

-'-'

*. / o- SA=TS:*. / o- SA=TS:

SSoo++uutt""oonn PPrreedd""cctteedd

//

;easured;easured

//

E4+a"nat"onE4+a"nat"on

013 9aCl013 9aCl 88 6644 99aaCCl il is a s a ssaall o o. s. srroonng ag a$$ii+ <+ <HHCCll= a= ann+ a + a ssrronongg

"ase <9a#H=& hi$h maes 9aCl ha*e he"ase <9a#H=& hi$h maes 9aCl ha*e he

neural )ro)er! an+ he )H *alue rea$h o neural )ro)er! an+ he )H *alue rea$h o 

CH;C##9a is he sal o. a ea a$CH;C##9a is he sal o. a ea a$i+i+

<CH;C##H= an+ he srong "ase <9a#H=&<CH;C##H= an+ he srong "ase <9a#H=&

hi$h maes his su"san$e ha*e he "asehi$h maes his su"san$e ha*e he "ase

)ro)er! an+ he )H *alue is larger han )ro)er! an+ he )H *alue is larger han 

9H4Cl is he sal o. a srong a$i+ <HCl= an+9H4Cl is he sal o. a srong a$i+ <HCl= an+

he ea "ase <9H4#H=& hi$h maes hishe ea "ase <9H4#H=& hi$h maes his

su"san$e ha*e he a$i+ )ro)er! an+ he )Hsu"san$e ha*e he a$i+ )ro)er! an+ he )H

*alue is less han *alue is less han 

013013

CHCH

;;

C##9aC##9a

>8>8 8;8;

013 9H013 9H

ClCl

?8?8 '@'@

Comment:Comment:

The )H o. he sals +e)en+ on heThe )H o. he sals +e)en+ on he

$om)oun+ o. ha su"san$e& i. he $om)oun+ is he srong$om)oun+ o. ha su"san$e& i. he $om)oun+ is he srong

non-meal su$h as 9a an+ he ea a$i+ $om)onen su$h as CHnon-meal su$h as 9a an+ he ea a$i+ $om)onen su$h as CH

;;

C##C##

& he )H is o*er & on he& he )H is o*er & on he

$onrar!& $onrar!& he )H is less han & he )H is less han & an+ i. % $om)onens are an+ i. % $om)onens are srong a$i+2"ase& he soluion "e$omessrong a$i+2"ase& he soluion "e$omes

neuralneural

,. / o- BUFFERS:,. / o- BUFFERS:



BBuu---e-err @@oo+u+ume me 11m=m=22

5.!;5.!;

C/C/

COO/COO/

@o+ume 1m=2@o+ume 1m=2

5.!;5.!;

C/C/

COONaCOONa

Ac"dAc"d BaseBase

Ca+cu+atedCa+cu+ated

//

;easured;easured

//

AA 110000 440000 0000%% 0000@@ '';;44 ''%%88

BB 440000 110000 0000@@ 0000%% 441144 ;;@@@@

CC %%''00 %%''00 0000'' 0000'' 4444 44;;%%

Data Ca+cu+at"on:Data Ca+cu+at"on:

Deermining he A$i+& Base an+ he )H *alue:Deermining he A$i+& Base an+ he )H *alue:

>or he mi(ure A:>or he mi(ure A:

CHCH

;;

C##H  CHC##H  CH

;;

C##C##

/ H/ H

0000001 1 ( ( (( <<mmooll==

CHCH

;;

C##9aC##9a CHCH

;;

C##C##

/ 9a/ 9a

0000004 4 0000004 4 0000004 4 <m<molol==

A$i+  CHA$i+  CH

;;

C##H C##H 

0404--000101--00

001001--00

00% 300% 3

Base  CHBase  CH

;;

C##9a C##9a 

0404--000101--00

004004--00

00@ 300@ 3

CH;C##-CH;C##-

 0004 / (  0004 <mol= 0004 / (  0004 <mol=

The e,uili"rium $onsan o. CHThe e,uili"rium $onsan o. CH

;;

C##H is 1@ ( 10C##H is 1@ ( 10

-'-'





ACH;C##HBACH;C##HB

BBBACH;C##BACH;C##AHAH



0%0%--00

0@0@--00

 xx

 1@ ( 10 1@ ( 10

-'-'

J ( 4'(10J ( 4'(10

-6-6

<3=<3=

Thus he )H is )H  -log(  Thus he )H is )H  -log(  ';4';4

A))l!ing he same $on$e) .or mi(ure B an+ CA))l!ing he same $on$e) .or mi(ure B an+ C



Part I: Add"t"on o- !5 dros 5.! ; /C+Part I: Add"t"on o- !5 dros 5.! ; /C+

BBuu....eerr ))H H ..rroomm

he sarhe sar

)H a.er)H a.er

a++ing HCla++ing HCl

Toal *olume HCl oToal *olume HCl o

$hange )H "! one uni$hange )H "! one uni

()lanaion()lanaion

AA ''%%88 ''00 ;;8 8 mmLL aa$$h h ""uu....eer r hhaas s hhe e eeaa

"ase CH"ase CH

;;

C##C##

& i rea$s& i rea$s

ih he a++e+ Hih he a++e+ H

o. HCl soo. HCl so

he )H o. he soluion is nohe )H o. he soluion is no

+e$rease oo mu$h hen+e$rease oo mu$h hen

a++ing 10 +ro)s HCla++ing 10 +ro)s HCl

BB ;;@@@@ ;;88;; 11; ; mmLL

CC 44;;%% 441100 118 8 mmLL

Part II: Add"t"on o- !5 dros 5.! ; NaO/Part II: Add"t"on o- !5 dros 5.! ; NaO/

BBuu....eerr ))H H ..rroomm

he sarhe sar

)H a.er)H a.er

a++inga++ing

9a#H9a#H

ToToal *olume 9a#H al *olume 9a#H oo

$hange )H "! one uni$hange )H "! one uni

()lanaion()lanaion

AA ''%%88 '';;'' 110 0 mmLL aa$$h h ""uu....eer r hhaas s hhe e eeaa

a$i+ CHa$i+ CH

;;

C##H& i rea$sC##H& i rea$s

ih he a++e+ #Hih he a++e+ #H

o.o.

9a#H so he )H o. he9a#H so he )H o. he

soluion is no in$rease oosoluion is no in$rease oo

mu$h hen a++ing 10mu$h hen a++ing 10

+ro)s 9a#H+ro)s 9a#H

BB ;;@@@@ ;;88;; %%0 0 mmLL

CC 44;;%% 44;;@@ 1188@ @ mmLL

CommentComment

Bu..er A ha*e he highes )H *alue "e$ause i $onain more CHBu..er A ha*e he highes )H *alue "e$ause i $onain more CH

;;

C##9a < "asi$ sal=C##9a < "asi$ sal=

Bu..er B ha*e he smalles one& "e$ause i $onain more CHBu..er B ha*e he smalles one& "e$ause i $onain more CH

;;

C##H < a$i+=C##H < a$i+=

)H *alue o. "u..er C is a he mi++le "e$ause o. he same amoun o. CH)H *alue o. "u..er C is a he mi++le "e$ause o. he same amoun o. CH

;;

C##9a an+ CHC##9a an+ CH

;;

C##HC##H

in his soluionin his soluion

hen e a++ a$i+ hen e a++ a$i+ HCl ino he "u..er& he )H *alue +e$rease "e$ause $on$enraion o. HCl ino he "u..er& he )H *alue +e$rease "e$ause $on$enraion o. HH

in$reasesin$reases

#n he oher han+& e a++ "ase 9a#H& )H in$reases "e$ause $on$enraion o. H#n he oher han+& e a++ "ase 9a#H& )H in$reases "e$ause $on$enraion o. H

+e$reases+e$reases



I@. CONC=USIONI@. CONC=USION

As e non he )H o. a soluion is he measure o. he $on$enraion o. $harge+ H!+rogen ionsAs e non he )H o. a soluion is he measure o. he $on$enraion o. $harge+ H!+rogen ions

in ha gi*en soluion A soluion ih a )H loer han se*en is $onsi+ere+ o "e a$i+i$ Ain ha gi*en soluion A soluion ih a )H loer han se*en is $onsi+ere+ o "e a$i+i$ A

soluion ih a higher )H is a "ase Bu..ers ha*e he )ro)er! o mainain he )H *alue "!soluion ih a higher )H is a "ase Bu..ers ha*e he )ro)er! o mainain he )H *alue "!

resising he large $hange on )H hen a++ing Hresising he large $hange on )H hen a++ing H

or #Hor #H

 ih ' su"-e()erimen a"o*e e $an ih ' su"-e()erimen a"o*e e $an

no he meho+ o measure+ he )H& )re+i$ he )H o. he soluion an+ also he a! o $onrolno he meho+ o measure+ he )H& )re+i$ he )H o. he soluion an+ also he a! o $onrol

his *alue .or e,uili"rium he s!semhis *alue .or e,uili"rium he s!sem

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 CH C E H M E I M S I T S R T Y R L Y A L B A O B R O A R T A O T R O Y R RE R P E O P R O T R Experiment E xperiment 2 : 2 p : H p H AN D AN BUFFERS To: Instructor: : P h P D D H o H a o n a g n g Le Le So n So From Fr : D o D Tr u Tr ong g A n A h n Th u Th - St S u t d u en e t n ID I : D BTBCI  U140 4 46 Su S b u j b e j c e t c : t G  eneral Ch Chemisr! La L " a o " r o a r  a o  r! Dat Da e: : # $ #  $ o  " o e " r e r 1 % 1 h& % 0 % 1'  I. . INTROD TR UCTI T ON Th T i h s e () ( e ) r e ime m n n ) r ) o* o i+ i es e u s u h  e e m e e ho h + o  o o $ on o  n rol o o r r e, e u , il i i"r " iu i m m h  e e s !s ! em e " ! "  he h e )H ) *a * l a ue u   I is *er e ! ! im i )o ) r o an a  n .or r or o ga g n a is i ms s o o mai a n n ai a n n a a sa" a l " e e )H ) Bio i lo l gi g $a $ l a mo m l o e$ e u $ le l s su s $h $ h as a ) ro r e  in i s s .un u $ n  $ ion o n on o l n ! ! a a a a $e $ r r ai a n n )H ) le* e e * l e an a + n + an a ! n $ h $ an a g n es e i n n ) H $a $ n a n res e ul u   in h  e h m e m n o n  o  . u . n u $ n  $ i  o i n o i n n i g n g )r ) o r ) o e ) r e l r ! l  !  T h T e h e $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o . o . H /in he h e s oluion ells ho h  o a  $ a i $ + i i + $ or al a a  l a ine n e a a su s " u sa  n$ n e $ e is s an a + n i i  is s in n er e )r ) e e e+ e + "! " ! h  e e )H& ) an a + n + "u " . u .e . rs r ar a e e h  e h so s l o u u ion o n o  ma m i a n i  n a  i a n i n h  i h s i s *a * l a u l e u  e  Th T e h e s s r  o r n o g n g or o r ea e  a  "a " s a e s 2 e a 2 $ a i $ + i + an a + n + he h e ne n u e  u r  a r l a l so s l o u l  u i  o i n o n ha h * a e * e +i + . i . . e . r e e r n e  n )  H ) * H a * l a u l e u e a n a + n + e e $a $ n a n  n  o n  o  m o m r o e r e a " a ou o  u   h  i h s i s a s a s e l e l l l a s a s $ a $ l a $ l u $ l u a l  a i  o i n o s n s r e r l e a l  a e  + e + o )H * H a * lue& or ho h  o "  u " . u . . e . r e s r s $ o $ n o  n r  o r l o l  he h e ) H )  H h  r h o r u o g u h g h  h  i h s i s e ( e ) ( e ) r e i r m i e m n e  n   II. I PR OC O EDURE R A. A . In I s n t s r t u r m u e m n e t n s t : s Th T r h e r e e e 1 ' 1 0 ' 0 m L m L " e " a e  a e  r e s r )  H ) m H e m  e e  r e  r Th T r h e r e e e % ' % 0 ' 0 m L m L " r " e r a e  a e  r e s r a   a e  r e r " a "  a h  #ne #n e 1 0 1 0 m L m L * o * l o u l m u e m  e r  i r $ i $ ) i)e #ne #n e s i  r i r r i r ng n g r o r + o #ne #n e 1 0 1 0 m L m L g r g a a u  a u  a e  + e + ) i ) ) i e )  e #ne #n e me m + e i + $ i i $ n i e n e + r + o r ) o ) ) e ) r e  r 3a 3 g a n g e n  e i$ i $ s  s i  r i r r er e r a n a + n + s  s ir i r " a " r a  r  B. B. Pr o Pr c o e c d e u d r u e r : e Syst s em !: ! De"on o "# " ed d $ate t r  e  e h a h * a e * e a " a o " u o  u  1' 1 0 ' 0 mL m L o . o . +e + i e o i n o i n 5 i e 5 + e + " o " i o l i e l + e + . o . r o r 10 1 0 mi m n i u n  u e  s e s i n n a a %' % 0 ' 0 m L m L "e " a e  a e  r e r an a + n +  h  e h n e $o $ o o l o e l + e +  o  o r o r o o m o m  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r  e  The h ne( se) is o )ou o r a" a ou ' ' mL o. he room m em
e )eraure aer ino a 1' 1 0 mL "  e " a e  a e  r e  r  Th T e h n e n e e a++ + + a s s i  r i "ar o  o he "e " a e  a er an+ + )l ) a l $ a e $ e he h e "e " a e  a e  r e r on o n a magne n i$ "a " r a  r s s i  r i r r e r r e  r  Ass As e s m e " m l " e l e )H ) H me m  e e  r e  r  e  re$or+ he e )H H *a * lue an+ hen n si irl he a aer i ih h he h mag
a nei$ sirrer .or a"ou %0 se s $o $ n o +s +   7e$ 7e or o + + h  e e )H ag a a g in i an a + + re)e ) a e  a h  e e s s irri r ng n an a + + mea e su s re r me m n e   )r ) o$ o es e s s a a %0 % se$ e o $ n o + n + in i  n er*al a s l & s & re r $ e o $ r o + r i + n i g n g ea e $ a h $ h im i e m e an a + n + )H ) *a * l a u l e u & e & un u  n i  l i l h  e h r e e r e is i no n o a) a ) ) r ) e r $ e i $ a i " a l " e l e $h $ a h n a g n e g in i n  h  e h e ) H ) Syst s em %: % Stron o & ac" c d  3e 3 a e s a u s r u e r e  h  e h e ) H ) " H ! " ! u s u i s n i g n g )i ) ) i e )  e   o o  a a e  e 1 0 1 mL o . 01 1 3 HCl HCl i no a a % '0 ' 0 m L " e " a e  a e  r e   3e 3 a e s a u s r u e r e  h  e h e ) H ) a H . a  . e  r e r a + a + + + 8 0 8 0 mL m L o . o . + i + s s i  l i l l e l + e + aer aer i n i  n o  o  he " e " a e er 3 e 3 a e s a ur u e r e  he h e ) H  10 1 0 m L m L o . o . 0  0 1  0 1 0 3 3 9a #H 9a a #H s a s a + a + + e + + e + in n o  o  he e " eae  r e  r  7e $or o + r +  h  e h e ) H )  80 8 0 m L m L o . o . 0  0 0  1 0 1 3 3 9a #H 9a a #H s a s a + a + + e + + e + in n o  o  he e " eae  r e  r  7e $or o + r +  h  e h e ) H ) Sy S st s e t m  '  : ' : ( e ( a e ) a ) a c a " c d "  %0 % 0 m L m L o . o . 0  0 1  1 3 3 a $ a e $  e i  $ i $ a $ a i $ + i + a s a s ) l ) a l $ a e+ e + i no 1' 1 0 ' 0 m L m L " e " a a e  r e  r  Usi Us n i g n g 0  0 1  1 3 3 a $ a e $  e i  $ i $ a $ a i $ + i + a s a s a a s  s a  r a  r i  n i g n g ) o ) i o n i  n &  & m a m  a e  e  h  r h e r e e e + i + l i u l  u i  o i n o s n s r e r s e u s l u  l i  n i g n g i n i n  o  + o i + .. . e . r e e r n e  n $o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o s n & s & i  i i  e i e 0  0 0  1 0 1 a n a + n + 0  0 0  0 0 1 0 1 3  3  3e 3 a e s a u s r u e r e  h  e h e ) H ) o H . o . e a e $ a h $ h h  e h s e e s e s ol o u l  u i  o i n o n a n a + n + $ a $ l a $ l u $ l u a a e  e  h  e h e a a .o . r o r e a e $ a h $ h o .  h  e h e s ol o u l  u i  o i n o s n  s Syst s e t m *: : Sa+ a ts  '0 ' 0 m L m L o . o . 0  0 1  1 3 3 9a Cl 9a Cl a s a s ) l ) a l $ a e $ + e + i n i  n o  o a a 1 ' 1 0 ' 0 m L m L " e " a e  a e  r e   3 e 3 a e s a u s r u e r e  h  e h e ) H )  Pla Pl $ a e $ e ' 0 ' 0 m L m L o . o . 0  0 0  1 0 1 3 3 CH ;C##H i C##H no a a 1 '0 m L m L " ea e  a e  r 3 e 3 a e s a u s r u e r e  he ) H )  Pla Pl $ a e $ e ' 0 ' 0 m L m L o . o . 0  0 1  1 3 3 9H 4Cl Cl i n i  n o  o a a 1 ' 1 0 ' 0 m L m L " e " a e  a er 3 e 3 a e s a u s r u e r e  h  e h e ) H )  Syst s em ,: : Bu- Bu -e - rs  100 mL ea$h o. 01 3 CH;C## # H # H an+ 01 1 3 CH;C##9a e  r e e e )l ) a l $ a e+ e + in i  n o  o se) e e ) ra r  a e  1' 1 0 ' m 0 L m L " e " a e  a e  r e  r  Pr Pre)ar a e e "u " . u .er
e A& B& C "! mi(ing hese o solu u io i n o s n as a shon in n he h a"le "elo 3easure  h  e h e ) H ) o H . o .  h  e h e " u " . u . . e . r e r s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o  n • • Di*i+e e e a$h h o . o he e ; "u " . u . . e . r e s r s i n i  n o  o e , e u , a u l a l ) ars < % < ' %  ' 0  0 m L m L e a e $ a h $ = h  Par Pa  1: >or >o r o n o e n e sa s m a ) m l ) e l e o. o . ea e $ a h $ h "u " . u . . er e : r - A++ A+ + 1 0 1 0 + r + o r ) o s ) s o . o . 0  0 1  1 3 3 HCl  HCl  3 e 3 a e s a ur u e r e  h  e h e ) H ) - A++ A+ + e n e o n u o g u h g h  o  o $ h $ a h n a g n e g e  h  e h e ) H ) " H ! " ! o n o e n e u n u i n  i  . r . o r m o m  h  e h e s  s a  r a  r    7e$o r 7e$o + r +  h  e h e * o * l o um u e m  e  Par Pa  %: >or >o r o n o e n e sa s m a ) m l ) e l e o. o . ea e $ a h $ h "u " . u . . er e : r - A++ A+ + 1 0 1 0 + r + o r ) o s ) s o . o . 0  0 1  1 3 3 9a #H 9a #H 3 e 3 a e s a u s r u e r e  h  e h e ) H ) - A++ A+ + e n e o n u o g u h g h  o  o $ h $ a h n a g n e g e  h  e h e ) H ) " H ! " ! o n o e n e u n u i n  i  . r . o r m o m  e  e s  s a  r a  r    7e$or+  7e$or+ h  e h e * o * l o u l m u e m  e II I I. I D ATA A TA AN A D D DI D SC S US U SI S ON O !. ! .  / / OF O D F EI DE ON IO I N 0 I ED 0E D ( A ( T A ER TE  R T"me 1s2 Obser3ed / E E4 4+anat"on 5 8.'7 Th T e h e + e + i e o i n o i n 5 i e 5 + e +  a   a e  r e r i n i n  h  e h e l a l " a o " r o a r  a o  r o ! r ! r o r o o m o m h a h s a s a a ) H ) * H a * l a ue u a) a ) ) r ) o r ( o i ( ma m  a e  l e ! l !    0   0  T h T e h e ) r ) o r $ o e $ s e s s s o . o . + i + s i  s il i l l a l  a i  o i n o n l e l a e + a s + s a  a e  r e %5 8.%, mo m l o e l $ e u $ l u e l s e s  o  o a $ a $ $ e $ s e s s s  h  e h e a i a r i r $ o $ n o  n a  i a n i e n + e + C # C %g  a g s a n a + s  s i  r i r r ing n *5 8.!8 en e $ n o $ u o r u a r g a e g e m o m r o e r e a n a + n + m o m r o e r e C# %+  i + ssol*e+& + & s o o  he $o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o . o . a $ a i $ + i + i n i n + i + s i  s i  ll l e l + e + a  a e  r e r a  a   h  a h  a   i  m i e m 65 8.!' in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e s a n a + n +  h  e h e ) H ) * H a * l a u l e u e + e + $ e r $ e r a e s a e s s e s a s a s a a r e r s e u s l u  l    A.  A. e  r e r a sh s o h r o  r  ) e ) r e io i + o + o . o .  i  m i e m & e & + u + e u e  o  o  h  e h e a  a e  r e r + o + e o s e s n o n  o  a " a s " o s r o " r " a l a l l l o . o  75 8.!5 C#% .r . om  h  e h e a i a r i & r &  h  e h e " a " l a a l n a $ n e $ e s  s a  g a e g e h a h ) a ) ) e ) ns a n a + n +  h  e h e )H ) !55 8.5* *a * l a u l e u e i s i s s  s a  " a l " e l  Comm m ent: Th T e h e ) H ) o. +ei e o i n o i n 5 i e 5 + e + a  a e  r e r  e  n e + n s + s  o  o " e " e l o l e o r e r  h  a h n a n n o n r o m r a m l a l aer " aer e " $ e a $ u a s u e s e  h  e h +i + s i s s o s l o * l e * + e + s al a  l s  s < i < o i n o s n = s = i n i n  h  e h e n o n r o m r a m l a l a  a e  r e r $ a $ n a n n e n u e  u r  a r l a i l 5 i e 5 e  h  a h  a  i s i s a l a s l o s o + i + s i s s o s l o * l e * + e + i n i n  h  e h e a a e  r e  r %. . /  OF / S OF TRON O 9 A 9 CID So+ut"on T T eoret"ca+ ;e ; a e s a u s re r d e E4 E4 +  a + " a n " a n t a " t o " n o /  /  ?  1 ? 0 1 0 m L m L o . o . 0  0 1  3 1 1 -; -  ; 1  @ 1 HCl HCl i s i s s r  o r n o g n g a $ a i $ + i + s o s o i  i s s ) H ) * H a * l a u l e u e i s i s s m s a m l a l l HCl as a s  h  e h e  H  /  0  1 i n i * n o * l*e+ e + i n i  n  h  e h n e a+ a + + i + n i g n g  h  e h e + i + s i i  l i l l e l + e + a  a er e r i n i  n o  o H Cl H & Cl &  h  e h ?  ? A+ + A+ + 8 0 8 0 m L m L o. o % 0% soluion " e$omes + ilue+ a n+  he +i + s i  s i  l i l l e l + e + a  a e  r e  r $o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o . o . H / +e$ e r $ e r a e s a e s s e  s  T h T e h e s ! s s !  s e  m e ?  ? A+ + A+ + 1 0 1 0 m L m L o. o ha h s a s  h  e h e $ u $ r u r r e r n e  n   H/   H/  0  0 0  1 0 & 1 &  h  u h s u s  h  e h e ) H ) 0 0 1  3 1 3 9 a 9 #H a *a * l a u l e u e $ a $ l a $ l u $ l u a l  a e  + e + e , e u , a u l a l  o  o %  084 ?  ? A+ + A+ + 8 0 8 0 m L m L o. o Th T e h e ) H ) * H a * l a u l e u e  e  e e ) e s ) s i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a in i g n g + u + e u e  o  o  h  e h 11 1  1   1'4 0 0 0  1 0 3 1 3 9a #H 9a a+ a + + i +  i i  o i n o n o . o . 9a # 9a H& # H& #H -+i + ssol*es an a + n  o  i o n i s n ih H/in he h e mi(ure  o m a m  a e H%# H% # T hus u h  e h e s !s !  s e  m e m i s i s n e n u e  u ra r l a l a n a + n +  h  e h e ) H ) r H a r i a s i e s e i n i  n o    h  e h n e n e e $ o $ n o  n i  n i u n e u e  o  o a + a + + + 80mL o . o . 0  0 01 9a  #H 9a  #H o  o  h  e h e m i m ( i  ( u  r u e r & e &  h  e h e  #H  -  i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a e an a + n + e , e u , a u l a  o  o %  % ;  ; s o o  h  e h e ) H ) * H a * l a ue u e r a r i a s i e s h  e h o e r o e r  e i  $ i a $ l a l l ! l !  o  o 1 1 1  1     Data t a Ca+c + u c +at a " t on: n Th T e h e m o m l o e l e o . o . 1 0 1 m 0 L m L o . o . 0 & 0 1 & 1 3 3 HCL : HCL : n n  C3  C3 ( ( E  E 0  &1( 1 ( 0  0 0  1 0  1 10-;<  mol= Th T e h e  h  e h o e r o i r  i i  $ i a $ l a l ) H ) o H . o . 1 0 1 0 m L m L o . o . 0 & 0 1 & 1 3 3 HC l HC : l : ) H )  -  l - o l g o  g 01 1    1 A. A. e  r e r a + a + + i + n i g n g 8 0 8 0 m L m L o . o + i + s i  s i  l i le l + e + a  a e  r e r & &  he h e E o E . o . s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n i n$ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e s  o  o 1 0 1 0 0 m 0 L m  L 0   0 1  1 L Th T u h s u s  H/   n  2 n E 2 1 E 0 1 -; - 2 2 0  0 1   1 0   0 0  1 0 1 3 The  h  e h o e rii  $ i a $ l a l ) H ) o H . o . 0 & 0 01 0 3 1 3 HCl : HCl : ) H ) - H l - o l g o  g 0  & 0 0 & 1 0  1   % A. A. e  r e r a + a + + i + n i g n g 8 0 8 0 m L m L o . o 0  0 1  3 1 3 9a #H& 9a #H&  h  e h e E o E . o . s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e s  o  o 1 8 1 0 8 m 0 L m  L 0  & 0 1 & 8 1 8 L Th T e h e m o m l o e l e o . o .  h  e h e a + a + + i + n i g n g #H - C3(  ( E  E 0  01 0 1 ( ( 0  0 0  8 0 8  8  ( 8 1 ( 0 1 -4 -  Th T e h e $ u $ r u r r e r n e  n   #H  -   n  2 n E 2  E 8  (10 1 -4 - 2018 1  8  T h T u h s u s  h  e h . i . nal ) H )  H  1 4 1 4 - - < - < l - o l g o g  8(1 ( 0 1 -420 2  0 1  8 1  8 =  =  1  1 1   Comm m ent: Th T e h e ) H ) *alue u e + e + ) e e ) n e + n s + o n o n $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o . o H /  S  r S o r n o g n g a $ a i $ + i + o . o e  n e n h a h * a e * e a a s m s a m l a l l l ) H ) *a * l a u l e u e " e " $ e a $ u a s u e e  h  e h e i   + i + s i s s o s l o * l e * s e s $ o $ m o ) m l ) e l  e e  l e ! l ! i n i n a  a e  r e r o  o ) r ) o+ o u + $ u e $ e  h  e h e l a l r a g r e g e a m a o m u o n o . o . H /   T h T e h e )H ) o H . o s s r  o r n o g n g a $ a i $ + i + i l i l l l " e " e i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s e h e h n e n  #H- #H-  i s i s i n i $ n r $ ea e s a e s + e  +  T h T e h e re r a e l a i l  i !  ! * a * l a u l e u e o . o . ) H ) i H n i n  h  e h e e ( e ) ( e ) rimen i s i +i + . i . . e . r e e r n e  n  $ o $ m o ) m a ) r a i r n i g n g  i   i h  h  h  e h e  h  e h o e r o e r  e i  $ i a $ l a l o n o e n e + u + e u e  o  o  h  e h e la l " a o " r o a r  a o  r o ! $ o $ n o + n i + ions a n a + n +  he h e m isa   a e  +u + r u i r n i g n g e ( e ) ( e ) r e i r m i e m n e  n a  l a l ) r ) o r $ o e $ + e u + r u e r  e No N t o e t : e Th T e h e r e r s e u s l u  l s  i n i n  his e ( e ) ( e ) r e im i e m n e  n  a r a e r e r o r n o g n g " e " $ e a $ u a s u e s e h  e h e ) H H me e e  r e r i s r o r n o g n & m! m ! g rou) ) r  i r e i + e +  o  me m a e s a u s r u e r e ) H ) o H . o . 9a #H 9a a #H n a + n + HCl HCl m a m n a ! !  imes " u "  u i  i  i s n o n  r i r g i h g  h  '. ' .  /  OF ( OF EA (EA< A < CID So+ut"on ;easured E E4 4+a"nat"on /  0 0 1  3 a$ a e $  e i  $ i %44 1;6(10-4 CH;C##H ) C##H l ) a l ! a s ! s r o r l o e l e a s a s  h  e h e * e * r e ! r ! e  a e  a  a $ a i $ + i & + a$ a i $ + i resuls in + issol*ing ) ariall! an a + . orming lile H/& hi h $ i h $ h lea+ a s + s  o  o  h  e h e ) H ) * H al a u l e u e is high g e h r e r  h  a h n a 0 0 0  1 0 3 1 3 a $ a e $  e i  $ i ;04 81'(10-' h  e h e s r  o r n o g n g a $ a i $ + i  +  T h T e h e l e l s e s s s $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n ra r  a i  o i n o n o . o . H /i  n i a$ a i $ + i h  e h e a $ a e $  e i  $ i $ a $ a i $ + + s ol o u l  u i  o i n o & n &  h  e h e m o m r o e r e i n i $ n r $ ea e s a i s n i g n g i n i h  e h e ) H ) H * a * l a u l e u  e 0001 0 3 ;66 61%(10-' a$ a e $  e i  $ i $ a $ a i $ + i Data t a Ca+c + u c +at a " t on: n De De e  r e m r i m n i i n n i g n g  h  e h e  a"  a " s a e s e o n o n  h  e h e m e m a e s a u s r u e r + e + ) H ) o H . o : . >irs& 01 3 a$i $ + i + a $ a e $  e i  $ i CH;C##H F F H/ / CH;C## C##- Iniial 01 0 0  C Ch hange ( ( ( ,uili"rium 01-( ( ( AH AH+ + B B A A C C H H; ;C C# ## BB (% AA CC HH ; ; CC # # # # HH BB − − x - 0 1 Th T u h s u s  h  e h e  -%44 -%44 a      <  1 < 0 1 -%44=%2 2 < 0 <  0 1  - 1 0 1 -%4 = 1   1 ;  6 ; ( 6 1 ( 0 1 -4 -  Se$ Se o $ n o + n & + & 0  0 0  1 0 1 3 3 a $ a i $ + i + a $ a e $  e i  $ i $ a n a + n + a ) a ) ) l ) ! l i ! n i g n g  h  e h e s a s m a e m e e , e u , a u  a i  o i n o n a " a o " * o e * AH AH+ + B B A A C C H H; ;C C# ## BB AA CC HH ; ; CC # # # # HH BB Th T u h s u s  h  e h e  -;04 -;04 -' a  <  1 < 0 1 -;04=%2  2 < 0 0 0  1 0 - 1 1 0 1 -;04= =  8   8 1  ' 1 ( ' 1 ( 0 1 - Th T i h r i + r & + & 0  0 0  0 0 1 0 1 3 3 a $ a i $ + i + a $ a e $  e i  $ i $ a n a + n + a ) a ) ) l ) ! l i ! n i g n g  he h e s a s m a e m e e , e u , a u  a i  o i n o n a " a o " * o e * AH AH+ + B B A A C C H H; ;C C# ## BB AA CC HH ; ; CC # # # # HH BB Th T u h s u s  h  e h e  -;66 -;66 -' a   <  1 < 0 1 -;66=%2 <0001 0 - 1 - 1 0 1 -;66=  61% 1 ( % 10- *. * .  /  / o- o - S A S =T A S =T : S So+ut"on Pred"cted ;e ; a e s a u s re r d e E4+  a + " a n " a n t a " t o " n o /  /  0 0 1  3 1 3 9 a 9 Cl a 8 64 9 9a aC Cll i s a sal o . s rong a $i+ < H HC Cll= an+ a srong "  a " s a e s e < 9a < #H= 9a & #H= & h i h $ i h $ h m a m  a e  s e s 9a Cl 9a h Cl a h * a e * e  h  e h 013 >8 > 8; CH;C##9a ne n u e  u r  a r l a l ) r ) o r ) o e ) r e  r !  ! a n a + n +  h  e h e ) H ) * H a * l a ue u e r e r a e $ a h $ h  o  o  CH;C# CH; #9a C# #9a i s i  h  e h e s a s l a  l  o . o . a a e a e  a  a $ a i+ 0 0 1  3 1 3 9 H 9 4Cl ?8 ? '@ < C##H CH; = C##H = a n a + n +  h  e h e s r  o r n o g n g " a " s a e s e < 9a < #H 9a = #H & = hi$h m a m  a es his su"san$ n e $ ha h * a e  h  e h e "as a e s )  r ) o r ) o e ) r e  r !  ! a n a + n +  h  e h e ) H ) * H a * l a u l e u e i s i s l a l r a g r e g r e r  h  a h n a n    9H4  Cl 9H4 is he s a s l a  l  o . o . a a s rong a$i $ + i + < HCl= an+ h  e h e e a e  a  " a " s a e s e < 9H4 < #H=& 9H4#H=& h i h $ i h $ h m aes  h  i h s i su s " u s "  s a  n a $ n e $ e h a h * a e * e  h  e h e a $ a i $ + i + ) r ) o r ) o e ) r e  r !  ! a n a + n +  h  e h e ) H ) *alue e i s l e l s e s s s  han n   Comm m ent: Th T e h e ) H ) o H . o .  h  e h e s a s l a  l s  s + e + ) e e ) n e + n + o n o n  h  e h $o $ m o ) m o ) u o n u + n + o . o .  h  a h  a s u s " u s "  s a  n a $ n e $ & e & i .  h  e h e $ o $ m o ) m o ) u o n u + n + is  h  e h e s ro r n o g n no n n o - n m - e m  e a  l a l s u s $ u h $ h a s a s 9a 9a a n a + n +  h  e h e e a e  a  a $ a i $ + i + $ o $ m o ) m o ) n o e n n e  n  s u s $ u h $ h a s a s C H C ;C##-& he e ) H ) is o*e * r e r  &  on n  h  e h $onrar!&  he h e ) H ) i H s i s l e l s e s s s  han a n  & an a + n + i . % $ o $ m)one n n e  n s ar a e r e sr  o r n o g n g a $ a i $ + i 2 + " 2 a " s a e s & e &  he h e s oluion " e " $ e omes ne n u e  u r  a r l a  l ,. . / o- o BU B FFER FF S:  B Bu u--er @o+ume 1m=2 @o @ + o u + m u e m e 1m=2 m Ac"d " Base s Ca+c + u+at a ed ;e ; a e s a u s re r d e 5.! . ; 5.!; /  /  C/'COO/ OO/ C/'COONa OON A 100 400 00% 00@ ';4 '%8 B 400 100 00@ 00% 414 ;@@ C %'0 %'0 00' 00' 44 4;% Data t a Ca+c + u c +at a " t on: n Deermining  he A$i+ + &  &  Bas Ba e s  e  a n a + n +  h  e h e ) H ) * H a * l a u l e u : e >or >o r  h  e h e m i m ( i  ( u  r u e r e A: CH;C##H  C##H  CH ;C## C##- / H/ 0001 ( ( CH;C##9aCH  ;C##-/ 9a/ 0004 0004 0004 nn - 0 0 0 01 = = = = + + E - 0 01 0- 04 A$  i A$ + i  +     CH  ;C##H  0 0 0% 3 nn - 0 0 0 04 = = = = + + E - 0 01 - 0 04 Ba  s Ba e s  e     CH  ;C##9a C##9a   0 0 0@ 3 nCH;C## C# - #  0   0 0  0 0 4 0 4 / ( / (   0  0 0  0 0 4 0 4 < m < o m l o = l Th T e h e e , e u , i u l i i l " i r " i r u i m u m $ o $ n o s n  s a  n a  n  o . o . CH -' ;C##H i C##H s i s 1  1 @  @ ( 10 1 - AH AH+ + B B A A C C H H; ;C C# ## BB 0 0 @ 0-@xx AA CC HH ; ; CC # # # # HH BB 0- 0 % 0  -' a   1   1 @  @ ( ( 1 0 1 - J ( J  ( 4   4 '  ( ' 1 ( 0 1 -6 - <3= Th T u h s u s  he h e ) H ) i H s i s ) H )  H -  l - o l g o  g (   (    ';4 A)) A) l ) ! l i ! n i g n g  h  e h e s am a e m e $ o $ n o $ n e $ ) e  ) . o . r o r m i m ( i  ( u  r u e r e B a B n a + n + C  Part r I: : Add d "t " "o " n o- - !5 dro r s 5. 5 ! ; ; /C+ B Bu u..er )H .rom )  H ) a H . a  . e  r e  r To T  o a  l a l * o * l o u l m u e m e HCl H Cl o  (  ) ( l ) a l n a a n  a i  on h  e h e s  s a  r a  r a++ing n g HCl HCl $h $ a h n a g n e g e ) H ) " H ! " ! o n o e n e u n u i n  i A '%8 '0 ;8 mL a$h "u..er has he  e ea "  a " s a e s e C H C ;C## C##-& i  i  r ea e $ a  $ s B ;@@ ;8; 1; mL i i h  h  h  e h e a + a + + e + + e + H / o. HCl HCl s o s C 4;% 410 18 mL h  e h e ) H ) o H . o .  h  e h e s ol o u l  u i  o i n o n i s i n o n  o +e + $reas a e s e  oo m u m $ u h $ hen a+ a + + i + n i g n g 1 0 1 0 + r + o r ) o s ) s HCl Part r t II: I : A d A d d " d t" t o " n o o- o - ! 5 ! 5 dr d o r s s 5 . 5 ! ! ; ; NaO/ aO/ B Bu u..er )H .rom )  H ) a H . a  . e  r e  r Toa  l a l * o * l o u l m u e m e 9a #H 9a o (  ) ( l ) a l n a a n  a i  on h  e h e s  s a  r a  r a++ing n $h $ a h n a g n e g e ) H ) " H ! " ! o n o e n e u n u i n  i 9a  #H 9a#H A '%8 ';' 10 mL a$h "u..er has he  eea a$ a i $ + i + CH ;C##H& C##H& i  i rea$ a  $ s  B ;@@ ;8; %0 mL i i h  h  h  e h e a+ a + + e + + + #H - o. o 9a  #H 9a s #H o s o  h  e h e ) H ) H o . o .  h  e h soluion i s no o in$ n rease  oo C 4;% 4;@ 18@ mL mu m $ u h $ h h e h n e n a + a + + i + n i g n g 1 0 1 +r + o r ) o s ) s 9a #H 9a Co C m o m m e m n e t Bu. Bu . . e . r e r A h A a h * a e * e  h  e h e h i h g i h g e h s e  s  ) H ) * H a * l a u l e u e " e " $ e a $ u a s u e e i  i  $ o $ n o  n a  i a n i n m o m r o e r e CH ;C##9a C##9a < "a " s a i s $ i $ s al a  l =  Bu. Bu . . e . r e r B h B a h * a e * e  h  e h e s m s a m l a l l e l s e  s  o n o e n & e & " e " $ e a $ u a s u e e i  i  $ o $ n o  n a  i a n i n m o m r o e r e CH ;C##H < C##H a $ a i $ + i = + )  H ) * H a * l a u l e u e o . o . " u " . u . . e . r e r C i C s i s a  a   h  e h e m i m + i + + l + e l e " e " $ e a $ u a s u e s e o . o .  h  e h e s a s m a e m e a m a o m u o n u  n  o . o . CH ;C##9a C##9a a n+ + CH ;C##H in i n  h  i h s i s s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o h  e h n e n e e a + a + + + a $ a i $ + i + HCl HCl i n i  n o  o  h  e h " u " . u . . e . r e & r &  h  e h ) H ) * H alue + e + $rease " e " $ause $ o $ n o $ n e $ n n raion o . o . H/ in i $ n reases #n #n  h  e h e o  o h  e h r e r h a h n a + n & + & e e a + a + + + " a " s a e s e 9a #H& 9a #H& ) H ) i H n i $ n r $ ea e s a e s s e s " e " $ e a $ u a s u e s e $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o . o . H /+  e + $reas a e s s e  s  I@ I . @ . C O C N O C N =U C S =U I S ON I As As e e  n  o n  o n  n  h  e h e ) H ) o H . o . a a s ol o u l  u i  o i n o n i s i s  h  e h e m e m a e s a u s r u e r e o . o . h  e h e $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o . o . $h $ a h r a g r e g + e + H! + H! r + o r g o e g n e n io i n o s n in ha h  gi*en sol o u u ion  A soluion o ih h a )H loer han se*en
e is $onsi+ere+ o "e a$i+i$ A so s luion o ih h a a hi h gh g e h r )H )
H is a "ase Bu..ers ha*e he )ro)er! o mainain he )H *alue "! re r sis i in i g g  he h l ar a ge g e $h $ a h ng n e g o n o ) H )  he h n e n a+ a + + in i g g H / or o #H #H-  i   i h  h ' ' su s " u - " e - ( e ) ( e ) r e i r m i e m n e  n  a" a o " * o e * e e e $a $ n a n  o n  o  h  e h e me m  e h  o h + o + o  o me m a e s a u s r u e r + e + h  e h e )H& ) H& )r ) e r + e i + $ i  $  h  e h e )H ) o. o . h  e h e so s l o u l  u i  o i n o n an a + n + al a s l o s o h  e h e a! a ! o  o $o $ n o  n r  o r l o his *al a ue . or e, e uili"rium  he s !sem