Pdf report-4 compress - Chemistry Laboratory | Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố HCM

Pdf report-4 compress - Chemistry Laboratory | Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố HCM được sưu tầm và soạn thảo dưới dạng file PDF để gửi tới các bạn sinh viên cùng tham khảo, ôn tập đầy đủ kiến thức, chuẩn bị cho các buổi học thật tốt. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!

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Pdf report-4 compress - Chemistry Laboratory | Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố HCM

Pdf report-4 compress - Chemistry Laboratory | Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố HCM được sưu tầm và soạn thảo dưới dạng file PDF để gửi tới các bạn sinh viên cùng tham khảo, ôn tập đầy đủ kiến thức, chuẩn bị cho các buổi học thật tốt. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!

110 55 lượt tải Tải xuống
CHEMISTRY LABORATORYCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
REPORTREPORT
Experiment 4: CHEMICALExperiment 4: CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUM
TToo:: InstructorInstructor: PhD Hoang Le Son: PhD Hoang Le Son
FromFrom: Do Truong Anh Thu -: Do Truong Anh Thu - Student ID:Student ID:BTBCIU14046BTBCIU14046
Subject:Subject:
General Chemisr! La"oraor!General Chemisr! La"oraor!
DateDate
: #$o"er 1%: #$o"er 1%
hh
& %01'& %01'
I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION
This e()erimen ells us he *a! o i+eni,! an+ o"sere he $hange o, he reersi"leThis e()erimen ells us he *a! o i+eni,! an+ o"sere he $hange o, he reersi"le
rea$ion a e.uili"rium *hen a))l!ing sresses an+ e()lain hose $hanges "! he Lerea$ion a e.uili"rium *hen a))l!ing sresses an+ e()lain hose $hanges "! he Le
Chaelier/s Prin$i)le hen he rae o, he ,or*ar+ "a$2*ar+ rea$ion "e$omes e.ual oChaelier/s Prin$i)le hen he rae o, he ,or*ar+ "a$2*ar+ rea$ion "e$omes e.ual o
he rae o, "a$2*ar+ rea$ion& he reersi"le is a e.uili"rium I, a s!sem a e.uili"riumhe rae o, "a$2*ar+ rea$ion& he reersi"le is a e.uili"rium I, a s!sem a e.uili"rium
is su"3e$e+ o a $hange o, )ressure& em)eraure o, he $on$enraion o, he $om)onens&is su"3e$e+ o a $hange o, )ressure& em)eraure o, he $on$enraion o, he $om)onens&
here *ill "e a en+en$! ,or he ne rea$ion in he +ire$ion ha agains he e,,e$ o, hishere *ill "e a en+en$! ,or he ne rea$ion in he +ire$ion ha agains he e,,e$ o, his
$hange Le Chaelier/s Prin$i)le5$hange Le Chaelier/s Prin$i)le5
II. PROCEDUREII. PROCEDURE
A. Instruments:A. Instruments:
#ne '0 mL "ure#ne '0 mL "ure
#ne 10 mL )i)e#ne 10 mL )i)e
#ne '0 mL gra+uae+ $!lin+er#ne '0 mL gra+uae+ $!lin+er
T*T*o %'0 o %'0 mL "ea2ersmL "ea2ers
T*T*o 1'0 o 1'0 mL "ea2ersmL "ea2ers
#ne sirring ro+#ne sirring ro+
T*en! es u"esT*en! es u"es
T*o es u"e hol+ersT*o es u"e hol+ers
#ne es u"e ra$2#ne es u"e ra$2
#ne me+i$ine +ro))er#ne me+i$ine +ro))er
I$e "ahI$e "ah
aer "ahaer "ah
La"elLa"el
B. Exer!menta" Procedure:B. Exer!menta" Procedure:
11
S#stem $S#stem $: A$i+ "ase e.uili"rium: A$i+ "ase e.uili"rium
A++ 10 +ro)s o, $on$enrae+ HCl in o a $lean es u"e *hi$h has 10 +ro)s o, 0' 7 8A++ 10 +ro)s o, $on$enrae+ HCl in o a $lean es u"e *hi$h has 10 +ro)s o, 0' 7 8
%%
Cr#Cr#
44
9e$or+ !our o"seraion9e$or+ !our o"seraion
A,er ha& a++ more ' +ro)s o, 6 a#H #"sere he $hange o, $olorA,er ha& a++ more ' +ro)s o, 6 a#H #"sere he $hange o, $olor
%%
S#stem %S#stem %: ;.uili"rium o, a$i+ "ase in+i$aors: ;.uili"rium o, a$i+ "ase in+i$aors
A++ %0ml o, +isille+ *aer ino a $lean A++ %0ml o, +isille+ *aer ino a $lean es u"e *hi$h has % +ro)s o, es u"e *hi$h has % +ro)s o, meh!l iole&meh!l iole&
mi( hem *ell The soluion *as +ii+e+ ino % es u"esmi( hem *ell The soluion *as +ii+e+ ino % es u"es
-- TeTes u"e 1 s u"e 1 *as a++e+ nohing*as a++e+ nohing
--
Tes u"e %:Tes u"e %:
< A++ he 6 7 HCl soluion +ro) *ise unil ,urher a++iion resuls in no signi,i$an< A++ he 6 7 HCl soluion +ro) *ise unil ,urher a++iion resuls in no signi,i$an
$hange #"sere he $hange$hange #"sere he $hange
< A++ he 6 7 a#H soluion +ro) *ise unill ,urher a++iion resuls in no $olor< A++ he 6 7 a#H soluion +ro) *ise unill ,urher a++iion resuls in no $olor
$hange #"sere he $hange$hange #"sere he $hange
< Again a++ he 6 7 HCl soluion +ro) *ise unil ,urher a++iion resuls in no< Again a++ he 6 7 HCl soluion +ro) *ise unil ,urher a++iion resuls in no
sini,i$an $hange #"sere he $hangesini,i$an $hange #"sere he $hange
==
S#stem &:S#stem &:Com)le( ion ,ormaionCom)le( ion ,ormaion
Pre)araion o, iron III5 hio$!anae soluion: in a 1'0 mL "ea2er& )la$e 10 mL o, 01Pre)araion o, iron III5 hio$!anae soluion: in a 1'0 mL "ea2er& )la$e 10 mL o, 01
7 >eCl7 >eCl
==
an+ 10 mL o, 01 7 8SC& an+ hen a++ '0 mL o, +isillan+ 10 mL o, 01 7 8SC& an+ hen a++ '0 mL o, +isille+ *aer& mi(e+ *aer& mi(
*ell Dii+e he soluion eenl! among 6 similarl!-si?e+ es u"e @1-5*ell Dii+e he soluion eenl! among 6 similarl!-si?e+ es u"e @1-5
-- TeTes u"e @1: $onrol5 s u"e @1: $onrol5 a++ nohinga++ nohing
-- Tes u"e @%: a++ % mL o, 01 7 >eClTes u"e @%: a++ % mL o, 01 7 >eCl
==
o he soluion #"sere he $hangeo he soluion #"sere he $hange
-- Tes u"e @=: a++ % mL o, 01 7 8SC o he soluion #"sere he $hangeTes u"e @=: a++ % mL o, 01 7 8SC o he soluion #"sere he $hange
-- TeTes u"e @4: a++ 10 s u"e @4: a++ 10 +ro)s o, 6 7 A#H o he soluion +ro)s o, 6 7 A#H o he soluion Des$ri"e he $hange in heDes$ri"e he $hange in he
soluionsoluion
-- Tes u"e @': $ool he es u"e in an i$e "ahTes u"e @': $ool he es u"e in an i$e "ah
-- TeTes u"e @6: *arm he es u"e in s u"e @6: *arm he es u"e in a ho *aer "ah Com)are he a ho *aer "ah Com)are he inensi! o, he $olor ininensi! o, he $olor in
es u"e @1 $onrol- room em)eraure5& @' $ol+5 an+ es u"e @1 $onrol- room em)eraure5& @' $ol+5 an+ @6 ho5@6 ho5
-- TeTes u"e @: as u"e @: a++ 01 7 Ag#++ 01 7 Ag#
==
soluion +ro) "! +ro) usoluion +ro) "! +ro) unill all he $olor +isa))earsnill all he $olor +isa))ears
9e$or+ o"seraions9e$or+ o"seraions
44 S#stem 'S#stem ': ;.uili"rium o, )re$i)iaion rea$ions: ;.uili"rium o, )re$i)iaion rea$ions
' mL o, 00' 7 CaCl' mL o, 00' 7 CaCl
%%
*ere )u ino ea$h o, he *o es u"es la"ele+ @1 an+ @%*ere )u ino ea$h o, he *o es u"es la"ele+ @1 an+ @%
-- Tes u"e @1: a++ 1 mL o, 01 7 aTes u"e @1: a++ 1 mL o, 01 7 a
%%
CC
%%
##
44
soluion #"sere he $hangesoluion #"sere he $hange
-- Tes u"e @%:Tes u"e @%:
< A++ 1 mL o, 01 7 H< A++ 1 mL o, 01 7 H
%%
CC
%%
##
44
 #"sere he $hange& $om)aring o he es u"e @1 #"sere he $hange& $om)aring o he es u"e @1
< A++ 10 +ro)s o, 6 7 HCl #"sere he $hange< A++ 10 +ro)s o, 6 7 HCl #"sere he $hange
< A++ 10 +ro)s o, 6 7 H< A++ 10 +ro)s o, 6 7 H
44
#H #"sere he $hange#H #"sere he $hange
''
S#stem (:S#stem (: TeTem)eraure e,,e$s on m)eraure e,,e$s on e.uili"riae.uili"ria
= mL o, 01 7 CoCl= mL o, 01 7 CoCl
%%
*as )u ino a 1'0 *as )u ino a 1'0 mL "ea2er mL "ea2er A++ $on$enrae+ HCl +ro) *iseA++ $on$enrae+ HCl +ro) *ise
unil he soluion urns a )ur)le-iole $olor I, he s!sem urns a +ee) "lue&unil he soluion urns a )ur)le-iole $olor I, he s!sem urns a +ee) "lue&
in+i$aing oo mu$h $hlori+e& +is$ar+ he soluion an+ sar againin+i$aing oo mu$h $hlori+e& +is$ar+ he soluion an+ sar again
Dii+e he soluion e.uall! ino hree es u"es la"ele+ Dii+e he soluion e.uall! ino hree es u"es la"ele+ @1-=@1-=
-- TeTes u"e @1: $onrol5 s u"e @1: $onrol5 2ee) a room 2ee) a room em)eraureem)eraure
--
Tes u"e @%: )la$e in a ho *aer "ah #"sere he $hangeTes u"e @%: )la$e in a ho *aer "ah #"sere he $hange
-- TeTes u"e @=: )la$e in an s u"e @=: )la$e in an i$e-*aer "ah #"sere he $hangei$e-*aer "ah #"sere he $hange
S*i$h es u"e %  = #"sere S*i$h es u"e %  = #"sere he $hange Allo* hem "oh o $ool o room em)eraurehe $hange Allo* hem "oh o $ool o room em)eraure
Com)are o he $onrolCom)are o he $onrol
III. DATA AND DISCUSSIONIII. DATA AND DISCUSSION
$. ACID)BASE E*UI+IBRIA$. ACID)BASE E*UI+IBRIA
;.uili"rium S!sem:;.uili"rium S!sem:
%CrO%CrO
''
%%
, , %-%-
,,
a/0a/0 CrCr
%%
OO
11
%%
, -, -
%%
O"0O"0
Descr!t!on o2Descr!t!on o2
cond!t!onscond!t!ons
Pred!ctedPred!cted
outcomeoutcome
OObbsseerr33aatt!!oonn EExx""aannaatt!!oonn
Iniial soluionIniial soluion
The $olor +oesThe $olor +oes
no $hangeno $hange
TThhe e $$oolloor r iis s ssiilll l !!eelllloo** TThhe e rreeaa$$iioon n iis s iin n ee..uuiillii""rriiuumm
< < CCoonn$$ HHCCll TThhe $e $oolloorr
$hanges o$hanges o
orangeorange
The $olor $hanges ,rom !ello*The $olor $hanges ,rom !ello*
o orangeo orange
TThhe e $$oonn$$eennrraaiioon n oo, , hhee
rea$an Hrea$an H
<<
5 in$reases& so he5 in$reases& so he
rraae e oo, , ,,oorr**aarr+ + rreeaa$$iioonn
in$reases The rea$ion shi,s oin$reases The rea$ion shi,s o
hhe e ririghgh& & anan+ + )r)ro+uo+u$e$es s momorere
CrCr
%%
##
%-%-
orange5orange5
< < 6 6 aa##HH TThhe e $$oolloorr
$hanges "a$2$hanges "a$2
o he iniialo he iniial
$olor$olor
The $olor $hanges ,rom orangeThe $olor $hanges ,rom orange
o !ello*o !ello*
TThhe e $$oonn$$eennrraaiioon n oo, , hhee
)ro+u$ )ro+u$ #H#H
--
5 in$reases& so he5 in$reases& so he
rraae e oo, , "a"a$$22**aarr+ + rreeaa$$iioonn
in$reases The rea$ion shi,s oin$reases The rea$ion shi,s o
he he lle,e, anan+ + )r)ro+o+u$u$es es mmororee
Cr#Cr#
44
%-%-
!ello*5!ello*5
%. %. E*UI+IBRIA OF E*UI+IBRIA OF ACID)BASE INDICAACID)BASE INDICATORSTORS
;.uili"rium S!sem:;.uili"rium S!sem:
-450a/0 -450a/0 , , --
%%
O"0O"0
--
&&
OO
,,
a/0 a/0 , , 4545
a/0a/0
AAdddd!!tt!!oonn PPrreedd!!cctteedd
outcomeoutcome
OObbsseerr33aatt!!oonn EExx""aannaatt!!oonn
oneone
$onrol5$onrol5
The $olor +oesThe $olor +oes
no $hangeno $hange
The $olor is sill ioleThe $olor is sill iole
6 6 7 7 HHCCll TThhe e $$oolloorr
$hanges$hanges
The $olor $hanges ,rom iole oThe $olor $hanges ,rom iole o
"lue& ,rom "lue o green"lue& ,rom "lue o green
The $on$enraion o, HThe $on$enraion o, H
<<
in$reases an+ he rea$ionin$reases an+ he rea$ion
shi,s o he le,shi,s o he le,
6 6 7 7 aa##HH TThhe e $$oolloorr
$hanges o$hanges o
ioleiole
The $olor $hanges ,rom green oThe $olor $hanges ,rom green o
ioleiole
The #HThe #H
--
o, a#H rea$s *iho, a#H rea$s *ih
HH
<<
so he $on$enraion o, Hso he $on$enraion o, H
<<
in he soluion +e$rease so hein he soluion +e$rease so he
rea$ion shi,s o he righrea$ion shi,s o he righ
6 6 7 7 HHCCll TThhe e $$oolloorr
$hanges$hanges
The $olor $hanges ,rom iole oThe $olor $hanges ,rom iole o
greengreen
The $on$enraion o, H<The $on$enraion o, H<
in$reases again *hen a++ingin$reases again *hen a++ing
HCl ino he soluion& an+ heHCl ino he soluion& an+ he
rea$ion shi,s o he le,rea$ion shi,s o he le,
&. CO4P+E6 ION FOR4ATION&. CO4P+E6 ION FOR4ATION
;.uili"rium S!sem:;.uili"rium S!sem:
FeFe
&,&,
, , SCNSCN
7FeNCS8 7FeNCS8
%,%,
Pale Pale !ello*5 Clear5 !ello*5 Clear5 9e+59e+5
AAdddd!!tt!!oonn PPrreedd!!cctteedd
outcomeoutcome
OObbsseerr33aatt!!oonn EExx""aannaatt!!oonn
oneone
$onrol5$onrol5
The $olor +oesThe $olor +oes
no $hangeno $hange
TThhe e $$oolloor r iis s ssiilll l oorraannggee TThhe e rreeaa$$iioon n iis s aa ee..uuiillii""rriiuumm
0017 >eCl0017 >eCl
==
The $olorThe $olor
$hanges o re+$hanges o re+
The $olor $hanges ,rom orangeThe $olor $hanges ,rom orange
o ligh re+o ligh re+
hen in$reasing >ehen in$reasing >e
=<=<
 "! "!
a++ing >eCla++ing >eCl
==
& he s!sem shi,s& he s!sem shi,s
o he righ an+ >eCSo he righ an+ >eCS
%<%<
in$reasesin$reases
0001 01 7 87 8SCSC ThThe $e $ololoror
$hanges o re+$hanges o re+
The $olor $hanges ,rom orangeThe $olor $hanges ,rom orange
o +ar2er orangeo +ar2er orange
hen in$reasing SChen in$reasing SC
--
 "! "!
a++ing >eCla++ing >eCl
==
& he s!sem shi,s& he s!sem shi,s
o he righ an+ >eCSo he righ an+ >eCS
%<%<
in$reasesin$reases
667 7 aa##HH TThhe e $$oolloorr
$hanges o$hanges o
The The $olor $olor $hanges $hanges ,rom ,rom orange orange hen hen a++ing a++ing a#H a#H ino ino hehe
soluion& #Hsoluion& #H
--
rea$s *ih >erea$s *ih >e
=<=<
!!eelllloo** o o ))aalle e !!eelllloo** o o ,,oorrm m hhe e ))rree$$ii))iiaaee& & sso o hhee
$on$enraion o, >e$on$enraion o, >e
=<=<
+e$reases+e$reases
an+ he s!sem shi,s o he le,an+ he s!sem shi,s o he le,
CCooll++ TThhe e $$oolloorr
$hanges o re+$hanges o re+
The $olor $hanges ,rom orangeThe $olor $hanges ,rom orange
o +ar2er orangeo +ar2er orange
This s!sem is e(ohermalThis s!sem is e(ohermal
rea$ion& *hen he em)eraurerea$ion& *hen he em)eraure
+e$reases& he s!sem shi,s o+e$reases& he s!sem shi,s o
he righ an+ in$reasinghe righ an+ in$reasing
>eCS>eCS
%<%<
HHoo TThhe e $$oolloorr
$hanges o$hanges o
!ello*!ello*
The $olor $hanges ,rom orangeThe $olor $hanges ,rom orange
o )ale !ello*o )ale !ello*
hen he em)eraurehen he em)eraure
in$reases& he s!sem shi,s oin$reases& he s!sem shi,s o
he le, an+ in$reasing >ehe le, an+ in$reasing >e
=<=<
  
SCSC
--
017 Ag#017 Ag#
==
The *hieThe *hie
)re$i)iae)re$i)iae
a))earsa))ears
>ormaion o, *hie )re$i)iae>ormaion o, *hie )re$i)iae
an+ *hie soluionan+ *hie soluion
#$$urring he rea$ion: Ag#$$urring he rea$ion: Ag
<<
<<
SCSC
--
E AgSCFE AgSCF
*hie5*hie5
TheThe
s!sem shi,s o he le, +ue os!sem shi,s o he le, +ue o
he +e$rease o, SChe +e$rease o, SC
--
'. '. E*UI+IE*UI+IBRIA BRIA OF OF PRECIPIPRECIPITATATION TION REACTIREACTIONSONS
;.uili"rium S!sem:;.uili"rium S!sem:
CaCa
%,%,
a/0 a/0 , , CC
%%
OO
''
%%
a/0a/0 CaCCaC
%%
OO
''
s0s0
AAdddd!!tt!!oonn PPrreedd!!cctteedd
outcomeoutcome
OObbsseerr33aatt!!oonn EExx""aannaatt!!oonn
01 701 7
aa
%%
CC
%%
##
44
hiehie
)re$i)iae)re$i)iae
>ormaion o, *hie )re$i)iae>ormaion o, *hie )re$i)iae
an+ li.ui+ "e$omes $olorlessan+ li.ui+ "e$omes $olorless
aa
%%
CC
%%
##
44
E %aE %a
<<
< C< C
%%
##
44
%-%-
CC
%%
##
44
%-%-
< Ca< Ca
%<%<
E CaCE CaC
%%
##
44
The s!sem shi,s o he righThe s!sem shi,s o he righ
01 701 7
HH
%%
CC
%%
##
44
hiehie
)re$i)iae)re$i)iae
>ormaion o, *hie )re$i)iae>ormaion o, *hie )re$i)iae
an+ li.ui+ has ligh *hie $oloran+ li.ui+ has ligh *hie $olor
HH
%%
CC
%%
##
44
E %HE %H
--
< C< C
%%
##
44
%-%-
The $on$enraion o, CThe $on$enraion o, C
%%
##
44
%-%-
in$rease an+ he rea$ion shi,sin$rease an+ he rea$ion shi,s
o he righo he righ
6 7 HCl6 7 HCl
Pre$i)iae isPre$i)iae is
+issole++issole+
The $olor $hanges ,rom lighThe $olor $hanges ,rom ligh
*hie o $olorless*hie o $olorless
HH
<<
,rom HCl rea$s *ih C,rom HCl rea$s *ih C
%%
##
44
%-%-
o ,orm Ho ,orm H
%%
CC
%%
##
44
& so he C& so he C
%%
##
44
%-%-
+e$reases an+ he s!sem shi,s+e$reases an+ he s!sem shi,s
o he le,o he le,
6 7 H6 7 H
44
##HH hhiiee
)re$i)iae)re$i)iae
>ormaion o, *hie )re$i)iae>ormaion o, *hie )re$i)iae
an+ *hie li.ui+an+ *hie li.ui+
#H#H
--
,orm H,orm H
44
#H rea$s *ih#H rea$s *ih
CaCa
%<%<
o ,orm *hie )re$i)iaeo ,orm *hie )re$i)iae
Ca#H5Ca#H5
%%
& so he Ca& so he Ca
%<%<
+e$reases an+ he rea$ions+e$reases an+ he rea$ions
shi,s o he le,shi,s o he le,
(. TE4PERATURE EFFECTS ON E*UI+IBRIA(. TE4PERATURE EFFECTS ON E*UI+IBRIA
;.uili"rium S!sem:;.uili"rium S!sem:
Co-Co-
%%
O09O09
%,%,
a/0 a/0 , , 'C"'C"
a/0a/0 CoC" CoC"
''
%%
a/0 , 9-a/0 , 9-
%%
O"0O"0
!n0 !n0 dee dee b"ue0b"ue0
Descr!t!onDescr!t!on
o2 cond!t!onso2 cond!t!ons
Pred!ctedPred!cted
outcomeoutcome
OObbsseerr33aatt!!oonn EExx""aannaatt!!oonn
Not;!n<Not;!n<
c;an<edc;an<ed
The $olor isThe $olor is
)in2)in2
TThhe e $$oolloor r $$hhaannggees s o o iioollee TThhe e CCll
--
a++ing ,rom HCl is noa++ing ,rom HCl is no
enough ,or he s!sem so heenough ,or he s!sem so he
soluion urns o iolesoluion urns o iole
-ot =ater-ot =ater
bat;bat;
The $olor isThe $olor is
"lue"lue
TThhe e $$oolloor r $$hhaannggees s o o ""lluuee TThhiis s ss!!sseem m iis s eenn++oohheerrmmaall
rea$ions& *hen in$reasingrea$ions& *hen in$reasing
em)eraure he rea$ion shi,sem)eraure he rea$ion shi,s
o he righ an+ heo he righ an+ he
[[
CoClCoCl
44
]]
%%
in$reasesin$reases
Ice>=aterIce>=ater
TThhe e $$oolloor r iis s TThe he $$oolloor r $$hhaanngeges s o o ))iinn22 hheen n +e+e$$rreeaassiing ng eemm)e)erraauurree
bat;bat;
)in2 )in2 he rea$ion shi,s o he le,he rea$ion shi,s o he le,
an+ hean+ he
[[CoHCoH
%%
#56#56]]
%<%<
in$reasesin$reases
I5. CONC+USION:I5. CONC+USION:
During ' e.uili"rium s!sems a"oe in his e()erimen& *hen During ' e.uili"rium s!sems a"oe in his e()erimen& *hen *e a))l!ing sresses in ea$h o,*e a))l!ing sresses in ea$h o,
rea$ion& he rea$ion *ill shi, o he +ire$ion ha re+u$e rea$ion& he rea$ion *ill shi, o he +ire$ion ha re+u$e he e,,e$ o, his $hange a$$or+ing ohe e,,e$ o, his $hange a$$or+ing o
he Le Chaelier/s )rin$i)le I, *e 2no* he righ +ire$ion o, rea$ion& he Le Chaelier/s )rin$i)le I, *e 2no* he righ +ire$ion o, rea$ion& *e $an $onrol& raise o,*e $an $onrol& raise o,
re+u$e he )ro+u$s as he *a! *e *anre+u$e he )ro+u$s as he *a! *e *an
| 1/11

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 CH C E H M E I M S I T S R T Y R L Y A L B A O B R O A R T A O T R O Y R RE R P E O P R O T R Experiment E xperiment 4 : 4 CH : E CH M E I M C I A C L A EQUILIBRIUM To: Instructor: : P h P D D H o H a o n a g n g Le Le So n So From Fr : D o D Tr u Tr ong g A n A h n Th u Th - St S u t d u en e t n ID I : D BTBCI  U140 4 46 Su S b u j b e j c e t c : t G  eneral Ch Chemisr! La L " a o " r o a r  a o  r! Dat Da e: : # $ #  $ o  " o e " r e r 1 % 1 h& % 0 % 1'  I. . INTROD TR UCTI T ON Th T i h s e( e ) ( er e im i en e  n el e ls l us u he h e *a! ! o o i+ i en e  n i,! , an a + n + o"s " er e e  e he h e $ha h n a g n e e o, o he h e re e e  rs r i"l " e rea$ion a a e. e uili"r " ium *hen a)) ) l!ing n sresses an+ e( e )lain hose $han a ges "! he e Le Cha Ch  a e  l e i l e i r e / r s / s Pri Pr n i $ n i $ ) i l ) e l  e  h  e h n e n h  e h e ra r  a e  e o, o , h  e h e ,or o *a r r *a + r + "a " $ a 2 $ *a 2 r *a + r + re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n "e " $ e o $ m o e m s e s e. e u . a u l a l o h  e h e ra a e  e o, o , "a " $ a 2 $ *a 2 r *a + r + re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o & n & h  e h e re r  e e  r e s r i s " i l " e l e is i s a a  e. e u . i u l i i l " i r " i r u i m u  m  I, , a a s! s s !  s e  m e m a a  e. e u . i u l i i l " i r " i r u i m u is i s su s " u 3 " e 3 $ e  $ e  + e +  o  o a a $h $ a h n a g n e g e o, o , )r ) e r s e s s u s r u e r & e & e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r e o, o , h  e h e $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o, o , h  e h e $ o $ m o ) m o ) n o e n n e  n s  & s h  e h r e e r e *il *i l l l "e " e a a e  n e + n e + n e $ n ! $ ! ,o , r o r he h e ne n  e  re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n in i n h  e h e +i + r i e r $ e  $ i  o i n o n h  a h  a  ag a a g i a n i s n  s  he h e e, e , , e , $ e  $  o, o , h  i h s i $h $ a h n a g n e g e  L  e L e Ch a Ch  a e  l e i l e i r e / r s / s P r P in i $ n i $ ) i l ) e l 5 e  5 II. I PR OC O EDURE R A. A . In I s n t s r t u r m u e m n e t n s t : s #n #ne ' 0 mL L "u " r u e r  e T* T o * o e  s e  s  u  " u e " e ho h l o + l e + r e s r #ne #n e 1 0 1 0 m L m L ) i ) )e )  e #ne  e  s e  s   u" u e " e r a r $ a 2 $  2 #ne #n e ' 0 ' 0 m L m L g r g a+ a u + a u  a e+ e + $ ! $ l ! i l n i + n e + r e  r #ne #n e me m + e i + $ i i $ n i e n e + r + o r ) o ) ) e ) r e  r T* T o o % '0 mL " ea2ers I$ I e $ e " a "  a h  T* T o o 1 '0 mL " ea2ers a   a e  r e r " a "  a h  #ne #n e s i  r i r r i r ng n g r o r + o La L " a e " l e T* T e * n e  n !  ! e  s e  s  u  " u e " s e   B. B. Ex  Ex e  r e ! r m ! e m n e t n a t " a " Pr o Pr c o e c d e u d r u e r : e 1 1 S#s # t s em m $ : A$ i+ " ase e .uili"rium A++ A+ + 1 0 1 0 + r + o r ) o s ) s o , o , $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a e  + e + HCl HCl i n i n  o  o a a $ l $ e l a e n a n  e  s e  s   u  " u e " e *h i *h $ i h $ h h a h s a s 1 0 1 0 + r + o r ) o s ) s o , o , 0  0 '  ' 7 7 8 %Cr#4 9e$ 9e o $ r o + r + ! o ! u o r u r o " o s " e s r e  r a   a i  o i n o  n A, A, e  r e r  h  a h  a &  & a + a + + + m o m r o e r e ' ' + r + o r ) o s ) s o , o , 6  6 a  #H a  #H  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ a h n a g n e g e o , o , $ o $ l o o l r o  r % % S#s # t s em m % : ;.u . ili"rium o, o a$ a i $ + " a " se i n+ n i + $ i a $  a ors A++ A+ + % 0 % m 0 l m l o , o , + i + s i  s i  l i l l e l + e + * a *  a e  r e r i n i  n o  o a a $ l $ e l a e n a n es u"e " e *hi$h h as % % + ro)s o, o , me m  e h  ! h l ! l  i  o i l o e l  e &  mi(  hem *e ll The s oluion *as *a +i + i+e+ i no %  es u"es - Te T s  u  " u e e 1 1 *as a ++e+ + n o o hing - Tes e  u" u e " e % : % < A < + A + + +  h  e h e 6 6 7 7 HCl HCl s ol o u l  u i  o i n o n + r + o r ) o ) *i s *i e s e u n u  n i  l i l , u , r u  r h  e h r e r a + a + + i +  i i  o i n o n r e r s e u s l u  l s  s i n i n n o n o s i s g i n g i n , i i , $ i a $ n a  n $h $ a h n a g n e g  e  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ a h n a g n e g  e < A < + A + + +  h  e h e 6 6 7 7 a #H a #H s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n + r + o) o ) *i s *i e e u n u  n i  l i l l , u , r u  r h  e h r e r a + a + + i +  i io i n o n r es e u s l u  l s  s i n i n n o n o $ o $ l o o l r o $h $ a h n a g n e g  e  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ a h n a g n e g  e < A < g A a g i a n i n a + a + + +  h  e h e 6 6 7 7 H Cl H s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n + r + o r ) o ) *i s *i e s e u n u  n i  l i l , u , r u  r h  e h r e r a + a + + i +  i io i n o n r es e u s l u  l s  s i n i n n o n si s n i i n , i i , $ i a $ n a  n  $ h $ a h n a g n e g  e  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ a h n a g n e g  e = = S#s # t s em m &:Co  m)le( i on o n , ormaion Pre Pr ) e a ) r a a r  a i  o i n o n o , o i r i o r n o n  I  II I 5 I 5  h  i h o i $ o ! $ a ! n a a n  a e  e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o : n : i n i n a a 1 ' 1 0 ' 0 m L m L " e " a e 2 a e 2 r e & r & ) l ) a l $ a e $ e 1 0 1 0 m L m L o , o , 0  0 1  7 7 >e Cl >e = an a + n + 1 0 1 0 m L m L o , o , 0  0 1  1 7 7 8SC & 8SC & a n a + n +  h  e h n e n a + a + + + ' 0 ' 0 m L m L o , o , + i + s i  s i  l i l l e+ e + *a  *a er e & r & m i m ( i *el *e l l  l  D i D  i i  + i e + e  h  e h e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n e  e e  n e l n ! l ! a m a o m n o g n g 6 6 s i s m i i m l i a l r a l r ! l - ! s - i s ? i e ? + e +  e  s e  s   u" u e " e  @  1 @ - 1 5  - Te T s  u  " u e e @ 1 @ : 1 :  $onrol5 a+ a + + + n ohing - Te T s e  s   u  " u e " e @ % @ : % : a + a + + + % % m L m L o , o , 0  0 1  1 7 7 >e Cl >e =  o  o  he s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o  n  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ a h nge e - Te T s e  s   u  " u e " e @ = @ : = : a + a + + + % % m L m L o , o , 0  0 1  1 7 7 8SC  8SC o  o  h  e h e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o  n  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  he h e $ h $ a h n a g n e g  e - Te T s u"e e @ 4 @ : a + a + 10 1 0 +r + o r ) o s ) s o , 6 6 7 7 A#H  A#H o  h  e h e soluion Des De $ s r $ i r " i e " e  he $ h $ a h n a g n e g e i n i n  h  e h soluion  - Te T s e  s   u  " u e " e @ ' @ : ' : $ o $ o o l o l  h  e h e  e  s e  s   u  " u e " e i n i n a n a n i $ i e $ e " a "  a h   h - Te T s u"e e @ 6 @ : *a *arm  h  e h  e  s e  s u" u e " e i n i n a a h o *a er "a a h   h  Co m Co )ar a e  h  e h e in i  n e  n e s n i s  i !  ! o , o  h  e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r i n e  s e  s   u  " u e " e @ 1 @ 1  $o $ n o  n r  o r l o - l - r o r o o m o m  em e ) m e ) r e a a u  r u e r 5 e & 5 & @ ' @ '  $o $ l o + l 5 + 5 a n a + n + @6  ho h  o 5   5 - Te T s  u  " u e e @  @ :  : a ++ + + 0  0 1  1 7 7 Ag # Ag =s  o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n + r + o r ) o ) " ! " ! + r + o r ) o ) u n n i  l i l l l a l a l l l  he h e $ olor + i + s i a))e ) ars 9e$ 9e o $ r o + r + o " o s " e s r e  r a   a i  o i n o s n  s 4 4 S#s # t s em m ' : ; .uili"rium o , ) re$i)iaion r ea$ions ' ' m L m L o , o , 0  0 0  ' 0 ' 7 7 Ca Cl Ca %*ere ) u )  ino ea e $ a h o, he *o * o  e  s e  s   u  " u e " s la"el e e l + e + @1 1 a n a + n + @ % - Te T s e  s   u  " u e " e @ 1 @ : 1 : a + a + + + 1 1 m L m L o , o , 0  0 1  1 7 7 a %C%#4s  oluion #" # s " ere he h e $hange e - Te T s e  s   u  " u e " e @ % @ : % < A < + A + + + 1 1 m L m L o , o , 0  0 1  1 7 7 H %C%#4  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ a h nge g & e & $ o $ m o )aring g  o  o  h  e h e  e  s e  s   u  " u e " e @ 1 @ < A < + A + + + 1 0 1 0 + r + o r ) o s ) s o , o , 6 6 7 7 HCl  HCl  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ a h n a g n e g  < A < + A + + + 1 0 1 0 + r + o r ) o s ) s o , o , 6 6 7 7 H 4#H #H #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ ang n e g  e ' ' S#s # t s em m (: Te T m) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r e e, e , , e , $ e  $ s  s o n o n e.uili"ria = = m L m L o , o , 0  0 1  1 7 7 Co Cl Co %*a  s *a ) u )  i n i  n o  o a a 1 ' 1 0 ' 0 mL m L " ea e 2 a e 2 r A++ A+ + $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n ra r  a e  + e + HCl HCl + r + o r ) o ) *i s *i e s un u  n i  l i l  h  e h e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n  u  r u n r s n s a a ) u ) r u ) r l ) e l - e  - i  o i l o e l  e  $ o $ l o o l r o  r  I , I ,  h  e h e s ! s s !  s e  m e m  u  r u n r s n s a a + e + e e ) e ) " l " u l e u & e in i + n i + $ i a $  a i  n i g n g  o  o o o m u m $ u h $ h $ h $ l h o l r o i r + i e + & e & + i + s i $ s a $ r a + r +  h  e h e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n a n a + n + s  s a  r a r a g a a g i a n i  n Di Di i  + i e + e  h  e h e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n e . e u . a u l a l l ! l ! i n i  n o  o  h  r h e r e e e  e  s e  s   u  " u e " s e s l a l " a e " l e e l + e + @1 @ - 1 = -  = - Te T s  u  " u e " e @ 1 @ : 1 :  $onrol5 2e 2 e e ) e ) a  a  r oom o m e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r  e - Te T s e  s   u  " u e " e @ % @ : % : ) l ) a l $ a e $ e i n i n a a h o h  o  *a  *a e  r e r " a "  a h   h  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ h $ a h n a g n e g  e - Te T s u"e " e @ = @ : ) l ) a$ a e $ e i n i n a n a n i$ i e $ - e *a -  *a e  r e r " a "  a h   h  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e  h  e h e $ ha h n a g n e g  e S*i S*i $  h $ h  e  s e  s  u  " u e " e % %   =  =  #" s #" e s r e  r e  e h  e h e $ hange g  e  Al l Al o l * o  * h  e h m e m " o " h o o $ ool  o  o r oom  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r  e Com Co ) m a ) r a e e  o  o  h  e h e $ o $ n o  n r  o r l o  l  II I I I . 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The rea$ion is in e.uili"rium no n  $h $ a h n a g n e g < C Co on$ H HC Cll The $ olor The $ o $ l o or o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e s , rom ! e ! llo* o The $on$enraion o, he $h $ a h n a g n e g s e s o  o  o o r o a r n a g n e g re r a$ a  $ an a   H
 <5 in$reases& so h  e h or o a r n a g n e g rae o, ,or* *aar+ rea$ion in i $ n r $ eases Th T e h e rea$ion shi h , i  , s o
he righ& an+ )ro+u$es more Cr Cr %- %#   orange5 e < 6   aa#H The $olor Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e , r , o r m o m o r o a r n a g n e g The $on$enraion o, he $h $ a h n a g n e g s e s "a " $ a 2 $ o !ello* )  r ) o r + o u + $ u  $  #H  -5 in$reases& so he o he h i niial rae o, "a$2* *aar+ rea$ion $o $ l o o l r o  r in i $ n r $ eases Th T e h e rea$ion shi h , i  , s o he le, an+ )ro+u$es more Cr# %- 4   !el e l l o l *5 o  %. . E*UI E*U +I I BR +IB I R A I A OF OF ACID I )BAS BA E E IND N IC I ATOR TORS ;.uili"rium S! sem: -4 - 5 4 0 5  0 a  / a 0 / 0 , , -%O" O 0 "  -&O,a/0 , 45 4 a  / a 0 / Add!t!on P Prred!cted O Ob bser3at!on E Ex x"anat!on outc t ome one Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r + o + e o s e The $ olor is sill i  ole $  o $ n o  n r  o r l o 5 l no $hang n e g 6 7 H HC Cll The $olor Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e s , r , o r m o m  i  o i l o e l  e   o  The $o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o , o , H < $h $ a h ng n e g s e "  l " u l e u & e & , r , o r m o m " l " u l e u e  o  o g r g e r e e n e in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e s a n a + n +  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o sh s i h , i  , s  s  o  o  h  e h e l e l , e  ,   6 7  aa# #H H The $olor Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e , r , o r m o m g r g e r e e n e n  o  Th T e h e # H # - o, a#H a r #H ea$s *i *ih $h $ a h n a g n e g s e s o  iole H< so s o  h  e h e $ o $ n o $enraion o , o , H < iole in i n  h  e h e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n + e + $ e r $ e r a e s a e s e s o s o  h  e h re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n s h s i h , i  , s s  o  o  h  e h e r i r g i h g  h    6 7 H HC Cll The $olor Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e s , r , o r m o m  i  o i l o e l  e   o  Th T e h e $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o , o , H< $h $ a h ng n e g s e gr g e r e e n e in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e s a g a a g i a n i n *h e *h n e n a + a + + i + n i g n HCl HCl i n i  n o  o  h  e h e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o & n & a n a + n +  h  e h re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n s h s i h , i  , s s  o  o  h  e h e l e l , e  ,   &. . C O4 C P+ O4P E6 +E6 I ON FOR 4 FOR A 4 TI A ON ON ;.uili"rium S! sem: Fe&, & , , SC S N C  7Fe 7 N Fe C N S C 8 S %, % Pa  l Pa e l e !e ! l e l l o l *5 o *5 Cl  e Cl a e r a 5 5 9e+5 Add!t!on P Prred!cted Obser3at!on E Ex x"anat!on outc t ome one Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r + o + e o s e The $olor is sill orange
The rea$ion is a e.uili"rium $  o $ n o  n r  o r l o 5 l no $hang n e g 0 0 0  1 0 7 1 7 >e Cl >e = Th T e h e $ o $ l o or Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e , r , o r m o m o r o a r n a g n e g h  e h n e n i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a i s n i g n g  >e=< =  "! $h $ a h n a g n e g s e s  o  o r e r + e o ligh h re+ a+ a + + i + n i g n g >e Cl >e =& &  h  e h e s ! s s !  s e  m e m s h s i h , i  , s  o  o  he h e r igh g  h  a n+  >e  C >e S CS%< in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e  s 001 7 8SC The $ olor Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e , r , o r m o m o r o a r n a g n e g h  e h n e n i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a i s n i g n g  SC- "! $h $ a h n a g n e g s e s  o  o r e r + e o  o + a + r a 2 r e 2 r e o r o a r n a g n e g a+ a + + i + n i g n g >e Cl >e =& &  h  e h e s ! s s !  s e  m e m s h s i h , i  , s  o  o  he h e r igh g  h  a n+  >e  C >e S CS%< in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e  s 67  a a# #H H The $olor Th T e h e $o $ l o or $ha h n a g n es ,rom orang n e g e h  e h n e n a+ a + + i + n i g n g a#H in n o  o he h $h $ a h n a g n e g s e s o  so s l o u l  u i  o i n o & n & #H -r  e r a e $ a s *i  *i h  h > e >e=<  !ello* o )ale !ello*
o ,orm he )re$i)iae& so he $o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o , o , >e =< +e$r $ e r a e s a es e an a + n +  h  e h e s ! s s !  s e  m e m s h s i h , i s  s  o  o  h  e h e l e l , e  , C Co ol+ The $olor Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e , r , o r m o m o r o a r n a g n e g This s!sem i s e( e ohermal $h $ a h n a g n e g s e s  o  o r e r + e o  o + a + r a 2 r e 2 r e o r o a r n a g n e g re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o & n & *h e *h n e n  h  e h e  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r +e + $ e r $ e r a e s a es e & s &  h  e h e s ! s s !  s e  m e m s h s i h , i  , s  s  o  h  e h e r ig i h g  h  a n a + n + i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a i s n i g n >e  CS >e %< H Ho o The $olor Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e , r , o r m o m o r o a r n a g n e g h  e h n e n  h  e h e  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r $h $ a h n a g n e g s e s o  o  o ) a ) l a e l e ! e ! l e l l o l * o in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e & s &  h  e h e s ! s s !  s e  m e m s h s i h , i  , s  s  o  !e ! l e l l o l * o h  e h e l e, e  ,  a n a + n + i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a i s n i g n g  >e  =< =    SC  - 0 0 1  7 1 7 Ag# Ag = The h e *h *hie >or >o m r a m  a i  o i n o n o , o , *h i *h  i e  e ) r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  #$$ #$ u $ r u r r i r n i g n g  he h e r ea e $ a  $ i  o i n o : n Ag <<  )  r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  an+ *h ie soluion SC-E  E Ag SCF Ag *h * i h  i e  5 e The h a) a ) ) e ) a e r a s r s! s s !  s e  m e m s hi,s o  h  e h e l e, + u + e  o - h  e h e + e + $ e r $ e r a e s a e s e o , o ,  SC   SC  '. ' . E* E U * I U +I I BR B I R A I A OF OF PR P EC E I C PI I TA TATIO TI N ON RE R A E C A TI C ON O S N ;.uili"rium S! sem: Ca%, % a  / a 0 / 0 , , C % %O' a  / a 0 /  Ca C C a %O's  0 s Add!t!on P Pr red!cted Obser3at!on E Ex x"anat!on outc t ome  a  %- %C%#4E  E % a % << C < %#4 0 0 1  1 7 hie >or >o m r a m  a i  o i n o n o , o , *h i *h  i e  e ) r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  a  %- %< %C%#4 )  r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  an a + n + l i l . i u . i u + i + " e " $ e o $ m o e m s e $ o $ l o o l r o l r es e s s C%#4 <  Ca < % E CaC%#4 Th T e h e s ! s s !  s em e m s h s i h , i s  s  o  o  he h e r i r gh g  h   0 0 1  1 7 hie >or >o m r a m  a i  o i n o n o , o , *h i *h  i e  e ) r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  H %- %C%#4E  E % H % -<  C < %#4 H%C%#4 )  r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  an a + n + l i l . i u . i u + i + h a h s a s l i l g i h g  h  *h i *h  i e  e $ o $ l o or o  r Th T e h e $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o , o , C %- %#4  in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s e a n a + n +  h  e h e r ea e $ a  $ i  o i n o n s h s i h , i  , s  o  o  he h e r igh g  h 6 7 HCl Pre Pr $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  e i s i Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e s , r , o r m o m l i l gh g  h H< ,r , om HCl HCl r ea$s *i  *i h  h C %- %#4 +issole+ *hie  o $ olorless o ,orm H %- %C%#4& & s o s o  he  C  %#4  +e + $ e r $ e r a e s a es e s a n a +  h  e h e s !sem s hi,s o  o he h e le, 6 6 7 7  H  4# #H H hie >or >o m r a m  a i  o i n o n o , o , *h i *h  i e  e ) r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  #H-,  o , r o m r m H 4#H r #H ea$ $ s  s *i *ih )  r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  an+ *h ie li.ui+ Ca%<  o  o , o , r o m r m *h i *h  i e  e ) r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a e  Ca#H5 %< %& & s o s o  he  Ca  %  +e + $ e r $ eas a e s s e s a n a + n +  h  e h e r e r a e $ a ions shi h , i  , s  s  o  o  he e l e, e  ,  (. . TE4 T PER PE ATUR TU E EFFE E C EFFE TS TS ON O E*U E I+I + BR B IA ;.uili"rium S! sem: Co C -  % %O09 %, % a  / a 0 / 0 , , 'C" C a  / a 0 /  CoC" C ' a/0 / , 9-%O" O 0 "    !  n !  n 0  0 d  e d e e  e  b"u " e u 0 De D s e c s r c ! r t  ! t o ! n Pre Pr d e ! d c ! t c e t d e Obser3at!on E Ex x"anat!on o2 cond! d t! t o ! n o s outc t ome Not; t ! ; n< c;an a < n e < d e Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r i s i
The $olor $hanges o iole The C Cll-a  + a + + i + n i g n g , r , o r m o m H Cl HCl is n o n  o )  i ) n i 2 n en e o n u o g u h g h , o , r o r  he s ! s s !  s e  m e m s o o  he soluion  urns o o i  ole -ot -o t =a = t a e t r e ba b t; t Th T e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r i s i The $olor $hanges o "lue This s!sem is en+ohermal "  l " u l e u re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o s n & s & *h e *h n e n i n$ n r $ e r a e s a i s n i g n e  m e ) m e ) r e aure  h  e h e r ea$ion s hi,s o  o  h  e h e r i r g i h g  h  a n a + n +  h  e h [CoCl4]%− in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e Ice> e = > a = t a e t r e The $olor is The $olor $hanges o )in2
hen +e$reasing em)eraure  ba b t; t )  i ) n i 2 n 2 h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n s h s i h , i  , s  s  o  o  h  e h e l e l , e  , an a + n +  h  e h [Co Co H  %< %#56 #5 ]% in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e I5 I . 5 . CO C NC ON +U C+ S U I S O I N O : N Dur Du i r n i g n g ' ' e . e u . i u li l " i r " i r u i m u m s ! s s !  s e  m e s m s a " a o "  o e  e i n i n  h  i h s i s e ( e ) ( e ) r e i r m i e m n e  n &  & *h e *h n e n *e *e a ))l ) !ing s resses in e a$h o , o re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o & n &  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n *i l *i l l s h s i h , i  ,   o  o  h  e h e + i + r i e r $ e  $ i  o i n o n  ha h  a  r e+ e u + $ u e $ e h  e h e e , e , , e$ e  $  o , o ,  h  i h s i s $ h $ a h n a g n e g e a $ a $ $ o $ r o + r i + n i g n g  o h  e h e L e L e Ch a Ch  a e  l e i l e i r e / r s / s ) r ) i r n i $ n i $ ) i l ) e l  e  I , I * e * e 2 n 2 o n * o *  h  e h e r i r g i h g  h  + i + r i e r $ e  $ i  o i n o n o , o , r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o & n & *e $ a $ n a $o $ n o  n rol& r a r i a s i e s e o , o re r + e u + $e e  h  e h e ) r ) o r + o u + $ $ s  s a s a s  h  e h e *a! *a ! *e *e *a n *a  n  