Pdf report-5 compress - Chemistry Laboratory | Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố HCM

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Môn: Chemistry Laboratory (CH012IU)

Trường: Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

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Tác giả:

Profile Mai Nguyệt
CHEMISTRY LABORATORYCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
REPORTREPORT
ExperimExperiment ent 5: 5: FFACTORSACTORS
AFFECTING REACTION RATEAFFECTING REACTION RATE
TToo:: InstructorInstructor: PhD Hoang Le Son: PhD Hoang Le Son
FromFrom: Do Truong Anh Thu -: Do Truong Anh Thu - Student ID:Student ID:BTBCIU14046BTBCIU14046
Subject:Subject:
General Chemisr! La"oraor!General Chemisr! La"oraor!
DateDate
: #$o"er 1%: #$o"er 1%
hh
& %01'& %01'
I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION
This e()erimen gi*es us he general +a$ors a++e$ing he rea$ion rae in or,er o raise orThis e()erimen gi*es us he general +a$ors a++e$ing he rea$ion rae in or,er o raise or
slo ,on he s)ee, o+ he rea$ion as e an. Those +a$ors are em)eraure& he naureslo ,on he s)ee, o+ he rea$ion as e an. Those +a$ors are em)eraure& he naure
o+ he rea$ans& )ressure& he sur+a$e area& an, he $aal!s. The rae o+ he rea$ions $ano+ he rea$ans& )ressure& he sur+a$e area& an, he $aal!s. The rae o+ he rea$ions $an
"e ,eermine, "e ,eermine, "! measuring "! measuring he ime he ime i a/es& i a/es& or he or he +ormaion o+ +ormaion o+ he )ro,u$ion he )ro,u$ion su$h assu$h as
gas +orming& )re$i)iaion an, he $olor $hanges.gas +orming& )re$i)iaion an, he $olor $hanges.
II. PROCEDUREII. PROCEDURE
A. Instruments:A. Instruments:
Thir! es u"esThir! es u"es
#ne es u"e ra$/#ne es u"e ra$/
Three 1'0 mL "ea/ersThree 1'0 mL "ea/ers
Bure& $lam) an, ringBure& $lam) an, ring
#ne '0 mL gra,uae, $!lin,er#ne '0 mL gra,uae, $!lin,er
#ne so) a$h#ne so) a$h
#ne me,i$ine ,ro))er#ne me,i$ine ,ro))er
Sirring ro,Sirring ro,
B. Exer!menta" Procedure:B. Exer!menta" Procedure:
Part #: E$$ect o$ concentrat!on on react!on t!mePart #: E$$ect o$ concentrat!on on react!on t!me
The soluions o "e use, are as +ollos:The soluions o "e use, are as +ollos:
Pre)are Pre)are soluion Asoluion A: 0.%  : 0.% )oassium io,i,e)oassium io,i,e
Pre)are Pre)are soluion B: 0.00'  so,ium hiosul+ae. This solsoluion B: 0.00'  so,ium hiosul+ae. This soluion also $onains sar$h ha ill a$uion also $onains sar$h ha ill a$
as an in,i$aor o ,ee$ he )as an in,i$aor o ,ee$ he )resen$e o+ io,ine.resen$e o+ io,ine.
Pre)are Pre)are soluion C: soluion C: 0.1  0.1  ammonium )ero(!,isul+ae.ammonium )ero(!,isul+ae.
In his rea$ion& soluion B ill "e he limiing reagen. The In his rea$ion& soluion B ill "e he limiing reagen. The s!sem $onsiss o+ hese rea$ion :s!sem $onsiss o+ hese rea$ion :
ea$ion 1: %Iea$ion 1: %I
--
2 2 SS
%%
##
33
%-%-
II
%%
2 2 %S#%S#
44
%-%-
Io,i,e ions2)ero(!,isul+ae  io,ine 2 sul+ae ionIo,i,e ions2)ero(!,isul+ae  io,ine 2 sul+ae ion
ea$ion ea$ion %: %: II
%%
2 2 %S%S
%%
##
55
%-%-
%I%I
--
2 2 SS
44
##
66
%-%-
Io,ine 2 hiosul+ae ion  io,i,e ion 2 erahionaeIo,ine 2 hiosul+ae ion  io,i,e ion 2 erahionae
ea$ion 1 is relai*el! slo. Aea$ion 1 is relai*el! slo. As he io,ine is +orme, i is ui$/l! use, s he io,ine is +orme, i is ui$/l! use, in rea$ion %&in rea$ion %&
hi$h is relai*el! +as. The limiing rea$ion 7soluion B8 is a sour$e o+ he hiosul+ae ions.hi$h is relai*el! +as. The limiing rea$ion 7soluion B8 is a sour$e o+ he hiosul+ae ions.
9hen soluion B is use, u)& he 9hen soluion B is use, u)& he e($ess io,ine +orme, ill rea$ ih sra$h o +orm a ,ee) e($ess io,ine +orme, ill rea$ ih sra$h o +orm a ,ee) "lue"lue
soluion.soluion.
In his e()erimen& e ha*e *arIn his e()erimen& e ha*e *ar! he $on$enraion o+ soluion A ! he $on$enraion o+ soluion A an, C. The em)eraure illan, C. The em)eraure ill
remain $onsan a room em)eraure.remain $onsan a room em)eraure.
Com"ine he soluion in 11 ,i++eren $om"inaions. The )ro,$e,ure +oe ea$h o+ he rea$ion is heCom"ine he soluion in 11 ,i++eren $om"inaions. The )ro,$e,ure +oe ea$h o+ he rea$ion is he
same.same.
-- Se) 1: la"el 11 es u"es 1-11Se) 1: la"el 11 es u"es 1-11
-- Se) %: )la$e ' mL o+ soluion B in ea$h Se) %: )la$e ' mL o+ soluion B in ea$h es u"e.es u"e.
-- Se) 5: a,, soluion A ans C ino he es u"e ih he *olume as shon in he Se) 5: a,, soluion A ans C ino he es u"e ih he *olume as shon in he a"lea"le
"elo. Begin "elo. Begin iming using so)a$h. Sir he soluion ih a $lean sirriming using so)a$h. Sir he soluion ih a $lean sirring ro,. A heing ro,. A he
+irs sign o+ $olor& so) iming. e$or +irs sign o+ $olor& so) iming. e$or he resuls.he resuls.
-- Se) 4: $al$ulaionsSe) 4: $al$ulaions
;or e(am)le: io,i,e ion: 710 mL ( 1.% mol<L8< %' mL = 0.03 mol<L;or e(am)le: io,i,e ion: 710 mL ( 1.% mol<L8< %' mL = 0.03 mol<L
Pero(!,isul+ae: 710 mL ( 0.1 mol<L8 < %' mL = 0.04 mol<LPero(!,isul+ae: 710 mL ( 0.1 mol<L8 < %' mL = 0.04 mol<L
-- Se) ': ma/e gra)hSe) ': ma/e gra)h
Part %: E$$ect o$ temerature on t&e react!on ratePart %: E$$ect o$ temerature on t&e react!on rate
The rea$ion rae +or he o(i,aion- re,u$ion The rea$ion rae +or he o(i,aion- re,u$ion "eeen )oassium )ermanganae& >n#"eeen )oassium )ermanganae& >n#
44
& an,& an,
o(ali$ a$i,& Ho(ali$ a$i,& H
%%
CC
%%
##
44
& $an "e mearsure, "! o"ser*ing he ime ela)se, +or he )ur)le $olor o+ he& $an "e mearsure, "! o"ser*ing he ime ela)se, +or he )ur)le $olor o+ he
)ermanganae ion& n#)ermanganae ion& n#
44
& o ,isa))ear.& o ,isa))ear.
'H'H
%%
CC
%%
##
44
7a8 2 %>n#7a8 2 %>n#
44
7a8 2 5H7a8 2 5H
%%
S#S#
44
%nS#%nS#
44
--
7a8 2 >7a8 2 >
%%
S#S#
44
7a8 2 10C#7a8 2 10C#
%%
7g8 2 3H7g8 2 3H
%%
##
Pre)are he rea$ion s!sem:Pre)are he rea$ion s!sem:
-- Pi)e 1 mL o+ 0.01  >n#Pi)e 1 mL o+ 0.01  >n#
44
an, ' mL o+ 5  Han, ' mL o+ 5  H
%%
S#S#
44
ino a $lean es u"e.ino a $lean es u"e.
-- Pi)e ' mL o+ 0.55  HPi)e ' mL o+ 0.55  H
%%
CC
%%
##
44
ino a se$on, $lean es u"e.ino a se$on, $lean es u"e.
#"ser*e he rea$ion a room em)eraure:#"ser*e he rea$ion a room em)eraure:
Pour he HPour he H
%%
CC
%%
##
44
soluion ino he >n#soluion ino he >n#
44
soluion& o"ser*e an, re$or, he soluion& o"ser*e an, re$or, he ime +or he )ur)leime +or he )ur)le
$olor o+ he )ermanganae ion $olor o+ he )ermanganae ion o sisa))ear.o sisa))ear.
#"ser*e he rea$ion a high em)eraure:#"ser*e he rea$ion a high em)eraure:
--
Pla$e a se$on, >n#Pla$e a se$on, >n#
44
- H- H
%%
CC
%%
##
44
)air o+ es u"es in arm aer 7'0)air o+ es u"es in arm aer 7'0
00
C8 "ah unil hermalC8 "ah unil hermal
euili"rium is esa"lishe,. Pour he Heuili"rium is esa"lishe,. Pour he H
%%
CC
%%
##
44
soluion ino he >n#soluion ino he >n#
44
soluion& mi( ellsoluion& mi( ell
an, reurn he rea$ion s!sem o he aran, reurn he rea$ion s!sem o he arm aer "ah. e$or, he ime +or he m aer "ah. e$or, he ime +or he )ur)le)ur)le
$olor o ,isa))ear.$olor o ,isa))ear.
--
e)ea he same )ro$e,ure& "u in$rease he em)eraure o+ he aer "ah o a"ou ?0e)ea he same )ro$e,ure& "u in$rease he em)eraure o+ he aer "ah o a"ou ?0
oo
C.C.
e$or, he $hange.e$or, he $hange.
Part ': E$$ect o$ a cata"(st on t&e react!on ratePart ': E$$ect o$ a cata"(st on t&e react!on rate
H!,rogen )ero(i,e is relai*el!& "u rea,il! ,e$om)oses in he )resen$e o+ a $aH!,rogen )ero(i,e is relai*el!& "u rea,il! ,e$om)oses in he )resen$e o+ a $aal!s. Inal!s. In
his )ar& e o"ser*e, hi$h reagen7s8 a$ as a $aal!s +or he ,e$om)osiion o+his )ar& e o"ser*e, hi$h reagen7s8 a$ as a $aal!s +or he ,e$om)osiion o+
h!,rogen )ero(i,e.h!,rogen )ero(i,e.
%H%H
%%
##
%%
 %H %H
%%
# 2 ## 2 #
%%
-- La"el 3 es u"es 1-3La"el 3 es u"es 1-3
-- Pla$e ' mL o+ he 5@ HPla$e ' mL o+ he 5@ H
%%
##
%%
soluion ino ea$h o+ he soluion ino ea$h o+ he 3 es u"es.3 es u"es.
-- A,, a )in$h o+ A,, a )in$h o+ ea$h o+ he +olloing reagens o se)arae es u"esea$h o+ he +olloing reagens o se)arae es u"es
-- i( ell an, o"ser*e he $hange ih he )ro,u$ion o+ gas "u""les. e$or, ea$hi( ell an, o"ser*e he $hange ih he )ro,u$ion o+ gas "u""les. e$or, ea$h
rea$ion rae as +as& rea$ion rae as +as& slo& *er! sloslo& *er! slo& or none in & or none in ,aa a"le.,aa a"le.
III. DATA AND DISCUSSIONIII. DATA AND DISCUSSION
#. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION TI)E#. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION TI)E
React!on #:React!on #:
%I%I
--
2 S2 S
%%
##
33
%-%-
 I I
%%
2 %S#2 %S#
44
%-%-
React!on %:React!on %:
II
%%
2 %S2 %S
%%
##
55
%-%-
 %I %I
--
2 S2 S
44
##
66
%-%-
Cal$ulae he iniial $on$enraions o+ ICal$ulae he iniial $on$enraions o+ I
--
an, San, S
%%
##
33
%-%-
ions:ions:
Mixture # 5Mixture # 5::
*I*I
++
, - /, - /
II
+ x C+ x C
) I) I
+01 /+01 /
tota"tota"
--74ml ( 0.% mol8< %'ml = 0.05% mol<L74ml ( 0.% mol8< %'ml = 0.05% mol<L
*S*S
%%
OO
22
%+%+
, - /, - /
S%O2S%O2
%+%+
x Cx C
) S%O2) S%O2
%+%+
01 /01 /
tota"tota"
= 710ml ( 0.1 mol8<%'ml = 0.04 = 710ml ( 0.1 mol8<%'ml = 0.04 mol<Lmol<L
))!!xxttuurree IIoodd!!dde !e !oon n mmoo""113300 PPeerrooxx((dd!!ssuu""$$aatte e mmoo""113300 TT!!mme e !!n n sseeccoonnddss
11 00..0033 00..0044 5500
%% 00..006633 00..0044 55''
55 00..00''66 00..0044 ''11
44 00..004444 00..0044 6611
'' 00..0055%% 00..0044 1100??
66 00..00%% 00..0044 11%%66
00..0033 00..005544 5555
33 00..0033 00..00%%33 5533
?? 00..0033 00..00%%%% ''66
1100 00..0033 00..001166 33
1111 00..0033 00..0011 114433
Ploing he $on$enraion o+ io,i,e ion *ersus ime: Ploing he $on$enraion o+ io,i,e ion *ersus ime: NoteNote
::X – axis: time; Y – axis:X – axis: time; Y – axis:
concentrationsconcentrations
E.E.
-- )!xtures 4 #+5:)!xtures 4 #+5: Gra)h Gra)h
Comment:Comment:
The or,er o+ rea$ion ih res)e$ oThe or,er o+ rea$ion ih res)e$ oio,i,e ion +olloe,: i(ure 1 F % F io,i,e ion +olloe,: i(ure 1 F % F 5 F 4 F ' 5 F 4 F ' F 6F 6
I+ a greaer $on$enraion o+ rea$an aoms an, I+ a greaer $on$enraion o+ rea$an aoms an, mole$ules 7$on$enraion o+ Io,ine ion in$reasesmole$ules 7$on$enraion o+ Io,ine ion in$reases
an, $on$enraion o+ )ero(!,isul+ae is $onsan8 is )resen& he greaer an, $on$enraion o+ )ero(!,isul+ae is $onsan8 is )resen& he greaer $han$e +or $ollisions ill$han$e +or $ollisions ill
o$$ur among hem. ore $ollisions mean a o$$ur among hem. ore $ollisions mean a higher rea$ions rae. Thus ,e$reasing hehigher rea$ions rae. Thus ,e$reasing he
$on$enraion o+ Io,ine in his rea$ions resul in loer rea$ion rae $on$enraion o+ Io,ine in his rea$ions resul in loer rea$ion rae as ell as he ime +or heas ell as he ime +or he
rea$ion is longer.rea$ion is longer.
-- )!xtures 4 #6 76 26 86 #96 and ##:)!xtures 4 #6 76 26 86 #96 and ##: Gra)h Gra)h
Comments:Comments:
The or,er o+ rea$ion ih res)e$ o The or,er o+ rea$ion ih res)e$ o )ero(!,isul+ae ion +olloe,:)ero(!,isul+ae ion +olloe,:
i(ure 1 F  F 3 F i(ure 1 F  F 3 F ? F 10 F11? F 10 F11
I+ a greaer $on$enraion o+ rea$an aoms an, I+ a greaer $on$enraion o+ rea$an aoms an, mole$ules 7$on$enraion o+ )ero(!,isul+aemole$ules 7$on$enraion o+ )ero(!,isul+ae
in$reases an, $on$enraion o+ Io,ine ion in$reases an, $on$enraion o+ Io,ine ion is $onsan8 is )resen& he greaer $han$e +or $ollisionsis $onsan8 is )resen& he greaer $han$e +or $ollisions
ill o$$ur among hem. ore $ollisions mean a ill o$$ur among hem. ore $ollisions mean a higher rea$ions rae. Thus ,e$reasing hehigher rea$ions rae. Thus ,e$reasing he
$on$enraion o+ )ero(!,isul+ae in his rea$ions resul in loer rea$ion rae as $on$enraion o+ )ero(!,isul+ae in his rea$ions resul in loer rea$ion rae as ell as he imeell as he ime
+or he rea$ion is +or he rea$ion is longer.longer.
%. EFFECT OF TE)PERATURE ON TE REACTION RATE%. EFFECT OF TE)PERATURE ON TE REACTION RATE
React!on S(stem:React!on S(stem:
%%
CC
%%
OO
;;
a<0 = %>)nOa<0 = %>)nO
;;
a<0 = 'a<0 = '
%%
SOSO
;;
? %)nO? %)nO
;;
%+%+
a<0 = >a<0 = >
%%
SOSO
;;
= #9CO= #9CO
%%
= 2= 2
%%
OO
Descr!t!onDescr!t!on
o$ cond!t!onso$ cond!t!ons
Pred!ctePred!cte
dd
outcomeoutcome
OObbsseerr@@aatt!!oonn RReeaacctt!!oonn
t!met!me
Ex"anat!onEx"anat!on
RoomRoom
temeraturetemerature
The $olorThe $olor
$hanges$hanges
The $olorThe $olor
$hanges +rom$hanges +rom
)ur)le o)ur)le o
$olorless$olorless
111166ss AA rroooom m eemm))eerraauurree& & hhee
rea$ion o$$urs ih herea$ion o$$urs ih he
normal $on,iionsnormal $on,iions
99
99
CC The $olorThe $olor
$hanges$hanges
The $olorThe $olor
$hanges +rom$hanges +rom
)ur)le o)ur)le o
$olorless$olorless
11''ss 99hheen n iinn$$rreeaassiinng g eemm))eerraauurree&&
he aoms an, mole$ules o+he aoms an, mole$ules o+
rea$ans are )ro*i,e, morerea$ans are )ro*i,e, more
energ! so he! mo*e +aserenerg! so he! mo*e +aser
an, in$rease he $ollisionan, in$rease he $ollision
among hem. There+ore& heamong hem. There+ore& he
rea$ion rae is higher an, herea$ion rae is higher an, he
less ime is $onsume,less ime is $onsume,
8989
99
CC The $olorThe $olor
$hanges$hanges
The $olorThe $olor
$hanges +rom$hanges +rom
)ur)le o)ur)le o
$olorless$olorless
1s1s
'. EFFECT OF A CATA3ST ON TE REACTION RATE'. EFFECT OF A CATA3ST ON TE REACTION RATE
React!on React!on S(stem: S(stem: %%
%%
OO
%%
? %? %
%%
O = OO = O
%%
TTrr!!aa"" DDeessccrr!!tt!!oonn
o$ cond!t!onso$ cond!t!ons
Pred!ctedPred!cted
outcomeoutcome
Obser@at!onObser@at!on
React!on rate0React!on rate0
Ex"anat!onEx"anat!on
11 2 2 nnCCll
%%
SSlloo ;;aass 66ss nnCCll
%%
is no a $aal!s +or hisis no a $aal!s +or his
rea$ionrea$ion
%% 2 2 nn##
%%
eerr! ! ++aass eerr! ! ++aass %%ss nn##
%%
is a goo, $aal!s +or hisis a goo, $aal!s +or his
rea$ionrea$ion
55 2 2 nn##
44 2 2 aaCCll SSlloo SSllooeer r hhaann
nClnCl
%%
%%s%%s
aCl is no a $aal!s +or hisaCl is no a $aal!s +or his
rea$ionrea$ion
'' 2 2 CCaaCCll
%%
SSlloo ;;aass 1100ss CCaaCCll
%%
is no a $aal!s +or hisis no a $aal!s +or his
rea$ionrea$ion
66 2 2 nn SSlloo SSlloo 44''ss n n iis s nnoo a a $$aaaall!!ss ++oor r hhiiss
rea$ionrea$ion
2 2 >>##
55
SSlloo eerr! ! sslloo 33ss >>##
55
is no a $aal!s +or hisis no a $aal!s +or his
rea$ionrea$ion
33 2 2 ;;ee77##
55
88
55
;;aass eerr! ! ++aass 44ss ;;ee77##
55
88
55
is a goo, $aal!s +oris a goo, $aal!s +or
his rea$ionhis rea$ion
Comments:Comments:
The or,er o+ $aal!s a$i*i!: n#The or,er o+ $aal!s a$i*i!: n#
%%
;e7#;e7#
55
88
55
CaClCaCl
%%
nClnCl
%%
nn >#>#
55
aClaCl
Caal!s )la!s role o iniiaes or a$$eleraes a rea$ion ihou isel+ "eing a++e$e, "! re,u$ingCaal!s )la!s role o iniiaes or a$$eleraes a rea$ion ihou isel+ "eing a++e$e, "! re,u$ing
he amoun o+ energ! reuire, o "rea/ he amoun o+ energ! reuire, o "rea/ an, +orm a ne $hemi$al an, +orm a ne $hemi$al "on,s. I+ e use he righ"on,s. I+ e use he righ
$aal!s +or he rea$ion& i ill ha))en +aser an, less energ! is use,.$aal!s +or he rea$ion& i ill ha))en +aser an, less energ! is use,.
I/. CONC3USIONI/. CONC3USION
A+er a$$essing ih 5 su"-e()erimens a"o*e& e $an A+er a$$essing ih 5 su"-e()erimens a"o*e& e $an /no he meho, o e(amine h/no he meho, o e(amine he e++e$ o+e e++e$ o+
$on$enraion& em)eraure& an, $aal!s on he rea$ion raes. Thus e ill a"le o mainain he$on$enraion& em)eraure& an, $aal!s on he rea$ion raes. Thus e ill a"le o mainain he
rea$ion& s)ee, u) an, slo ,on he rea$ion rae as ell "! a,,ing more $on$enraion +or herea$ion& s)ee, u) an, slo ,on he rea$ion rae as ell "! a,,ing more $on$enraion +or he
rea$ans or su"san$es )ossi"l! rea$ ih he $om)onens o+ he rea$ans or su"san$es )ossi"l! rea$ ih he $om)onens o+ he rea$ions& in$reasing orrea$ions& in$reasing or
,e$reasing he em)eraure& an, $hoosing he ,e$reasing he em)eraure& an, $hoosing he suia"le $aal!s +or he rea$ions.suia"le $aal!s +or he rea$ions.
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 CH C E H M E I M S I T S R T Y R L Y A L B A O B R O A R T A O T R O Y R RE R P E O P R O T R Ex E p x er p i er m i ent en t 5: 5: FACT AC O T R O S R AF A F F E F CT E I CT N I G N G REAC RE T AC I T O I N O N RAT RA E T To: Instructor: : P h P D D H oa o n a g n g L e L e So n So From Fr : D o D T r T u r ong g A n A h n T h T u h - St S u t d u e d n e t n t ID: I BT  BCI BT U BCI 140 4 4 0 6 4 Su S b u j b e j c e t c : t G  en e e n r e a r l a l Ch e Ch m e i m s i  s r  ! r ! L a"or o a r  a o  r o ! r Dat Da e: # $ #  $ o  " o er 1 % 1 h& % 0 % 1'  I. . INTROD TR UCTI T ON Thi Th s i s e ( e ) ( e ) r e i r m i e m n e  n  g i g * i e * s e u s u s  h  e h e g e g n e e n r e a r l a l + a + $ a  $ o  r o s r s a + a + + e + $ e  $ i  n i g n g  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ io i n o n r a r  a e  e i n i n o r o , r e , r e r  o  o r a r i a s i e s e o r o  r sl s o l  o ,  o , n o n  he h e s ) s e ) e e , e , o + o +  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n a s a s e e a n a  n .  . Th o Th s o e s e + a + $ a  $ o  r o s r s a r a e r e  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r & e &  h  e h e n a n  a ur u e r o+ o + h  e h e re r a e $ a  $ a  n a  n s& s & )r ) e r s e s s u s r u e r & e & h  e h e s ur u + r a + $ a e $ e ar a e r a e & a & an a , n , h  e h e $a $  a a  l a ! l s !  s .  . The Th e ra r  a e  e o+ o + h  e h e r ea e $ a  $ i  o i n o s n s $a $ n a "  e " e , e ,  e e  r e m r i m n i e n , e , "! " ! m e m a e s a u s r u i r ng n g h  e h e  i  m i e m e i a/es e & or o he e +o + r o m r a m  a i  o i n o n o + o + he e ) r ) o r , o u , $ion su s $ u h $ h as ga g s a s + o + r o m r i m n i g n & g & ) r ) e r $ e i $ ) i i )  i a   a i  o i n o n a n a , n ,  h  e h e $ o $ l o o l r o r $ h $ a h n a g n e g s e . s II. I PR OC O EDURE R A. . Inst s rumen e ts: Thir! es e  u"es e #ne #n e ' 0 ' 0 m L m L g r g a r , a u , a u  a e  , e , $ ! $ l ! i l n i , n e , r e  r #ne #n e  e  s e  s   u  " u e " e r a$ a / $  / #ne #n e s  s o) o ) a  a $  h $ Thr Th e r e e e 1 ' 1 0 ' 0 m L m " L e " a e / a e / r e s r #ne #n e me,i$ine e , r , o r ) o ) ) e ) r e  r Bur Bu e r  e &  & $ l $ a l m a ) m ) a n a , n , r i r n i g n Si S r i r r i r n i g n g r o, o  B. B. Ex  Ex e  r e ! r m ! e m n e t n a t " a " Pr o Pr c o e c d e u d r u e r : e Par Pa t r t # : # : E$ $ E$ e $ c e t c t o $ o $ c o c n o c n e c n e t n r t a r t a ! t o ! n o n o n o n re r a e c a t c ! t o ! n o n t ! t m ! e m The Th e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o s n s  o  o " e " e u s u e s , e , a r a e r e a s a + ol o l l o l  o s  : s Pre Pr ) e a ) r a e r e soluion A: 0. 0 % . %  )o )  o a  s a s s i s u i m u m io,i,e Pre Pr ) e a ) r a e r e soluion B: 0.0 . 0 0 '  so,ium hi h o i s o ul+ae. Th This soluion also $o
$ nains sar$h ha ill a$ as a s a n a n i n, n i , $a $  a or o r  o  o , e ,  e e  $ e  $  h  e h e ) re r s e e s n e $ n e $ e o + o + i o i , o i , n i e n . e Pre Pr ) e a ) r a e r e soluion C: 0. 0 1 . 1  am a m m o m n o i n um u m )er e o(!,isul+ae. In I n  h  i h s i s r ea e $ a  $ i  on o & n & s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n B i B l i l l l " e " e  h  e h e l i l m i i m  i i  ng n g r e r a e g a e g n e  n . . Th e Th e s! s s !  s e  m e m $ o $ ns n i s s i  s s  o + o +  hese r ea$ a  $ i  on o n : ea e $ a  $ i  o i n o n 1 : 1 : % I % - 2 S %- % %- % %#3   I% 2 %S# % 4  Io I , o i , , i e , e i o i n o s n 2) s e 2) r e o r ( o ! ( , ! i , su s l u + l a +  a e  e  i  o i , o i , n i e n e 2 s 2 u s l u + l a +  a e  e i o i n o ea e $ a  $ i  o i n o n %: % : I %- % %- % %2  %S%#5  %I- 2 S4#6 Io I , o i , n i e n e 2  2 h  i h o i s o u s l u + l a +  a e  e i on o n  i  o i , o i , ,e , e i o i n o n 2  2 e   e r  a r  a h  i h o i n o a n  a e  ea e $ a  $ i  o i n o n 1 1 i s i s r e r l e a l  a i  * i e * l e ! l ! s l s o l . o . A s s  h  e h e i o i , o i , n i e n e i s s + o + r o m r e m , e , i  i i s i  u  i u $ i / $ l / ! l ! u s u e s , e , in i n r e r a e $ a ion o % & % hi h $ i h $ h i s i s r e r l e a l  a i  * i e * l e ! l ! + a + s a  s .  . Th e Th e l i l m i i m  i i  n i g n g r e r a e $ a  $ io i n o n 7 s 7 o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n B8 B8 i s i s a a s o s u o r u $ r e $ e o + o  h  e h e  h  i h o i s o u s l u + l a +  a e  e i o i n o s n . s 9h 9 e h n e n s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n B i B s i s u s u e s , e , u ) u & ) &  h  e h e e( e $ ( e $ s e s s i o i , o i , n i e n e + orme, , i l i l l l r e r a e $ a  $  i  i h  h s ra$ a h $  o + o + r o m r m a a , e , e e ) e ) "l " u l e u soluion. In I n  h  i h s i s e ( e ) ( e ) r e i r m i e m n e  n &  & e e h a h * a e * e * a * r a ! !  he e $ on$e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o + o + s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n A an a , n , C . C. The Th em)er e a r  a ure i  l i l l re r m e a m i a n i n $ o $ n o s n  s a  n a  n  a  a  r o r o o m o m  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r . e Com Co " m i " n i e n e  h  e h e s ol o u l  u i  o i n o n i n i n 1 1 1 1 , i , + i + + e + r e e r n e  n  $ o $ m o " m i " n i a n  a i  o i n o s n . s . Th e Th e ) r ) o r , o $ , e $ , e u , r u e r e + o + e o e e a e $ a h $ h o + o +  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n i s i  h  e h sa s m a e m . e - Se S ) e ) 1 : 1 : l a l " a e " l e l 1 1 1 1  e  s e  s   u" u e " s e s  1  - 1 1 - 1 1 - Se S ) e ) % : % : ) l ) a l $ a e $ e ' ' m L m o L + o + s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n B i B n i n e a e $ a h $ h es u"e. e - Se S ) e ) 5 : 5 : a , a , , , s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n A A a n a s n s C i C n i  n o  o  h  e h e  e  s e  s   u  " u e " e i  i h  h  h  e h e * o * l o u l m u e m e a s a s s h s o h n o n i n i n  he e a  " a l " e l "  e " l e o l  o .  . Be g Be i g n i n  im i i m n i g n g u s u i s n i g n g s o)a )  a $  h $ . h Si r Si r  h  e h e s o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n i  i h  h a a $ l $ ea e n a n s  s i  r i r r ing n g ro, o . , . A A  h  e h +i + r i s r   s i s g i n g n o + o + $ o $ l o o l r o & r & s  s o  ) o )  im i i m n i g n . g . e $ e o $ r o r h  e h e r esuls.  - Se S ) e ) 4 : 4 $al a $ul u a a i  o i n o s n ;or ;o r e ( e a ( m a ) m l ) e l : e : i o i , o i , , i e , e i o i n o : n : 7 1 7 0 1 0 m L m ( L ( 1 . 1 % . % m o m l o < l L8 < < L8 < % ' % ' m L m = L 0 = . 0 0 . 3 0 3 m o m l o < l L < Per Pe o r ( o ! ( , ! i , s i ul u + l a +  a e  : e : 7 1 7 0 1 0 m L m ( L ( 0 . 0 1 . 1 m o m l o < l L8 < L8 < < % ' % ' m L m L = 0 = . 0 0 . 4 0 4 m o m l o < l L < - Se S ) e ) ' : ' ma/ a e / e gr g a r ) a h ) Par Pa t r t % : % : E$ $ E$ e $ c e t c t o $ o $ t e t m e  m e  r e a r t a u t r u e r e o n o n t & t e & e r e r a e c a t c ! t o ! n o n r a r t a e t The Th e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n r a r  a e  e + o + r o r  h  e h e o ( o i ( , i a ,  a i  o i n o - n - r e, e u , $ u  $ i  o i n o n "e "  e e  e e n e n ) o )  o a  s a s s i s u i m u m ) ermang n a g n a a n  a e& & > n >n#4& & a n a , n o( o a ( l a i l $ i $ a $ a i $ , i & , & H %C%#4& $a $ n a n "e mear a s r u s r u e r , e , " ! " ! o " o s " e s r e * r i * n i g n g  h  e h e  i  m i e m e e l e a l ) a s ) e s , e , + o + r o r  h  e h e ) u ) r)le $o $ l o o l r o r o + o +  h  e h )  e ) r e m r a m n a g n a g n a a n  a e  e i o i n o & n & n # n 4&  o , i , s i a s ) a ) ) e ) a e r a . 'H ' %C%#47a 7  a 8  8 2 % 2 >n % # >n 47a8 2 5H%S#4  %nS# - 4 7a 7  a 8  8 2 > 2 %S# S#47a 7  a 8  8 2 1 2 0 1 C# 0 %7g8 2 3 2 H%# Pre Pr ) e a ) r a e r e  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n s !s !  s e  m e : m - Pi) Pi e )  e 1 1 m L m o L + o + 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 1  >n  # >n 4a  n a , , ' mL o L + 5  H%S#4ino a $lean a n  e  s e  s   u  " u e " . e - Pi)e ' ' m L o L + o + 0 . 0 55 5  H  %C%#4i  n n o  o a a s e s $ e o $ n o , n , $ l $ e l a e n a n es e  s   u  " u e " . #"s #" e s r e * r e * e  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ io i n o n a  a  r o r o o m o m  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r : e Pou Po r u r  h  e h e H %C%#4s  o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n i n i  n o  o  h  e h e >n # >n 4s  o s l o u l  u i  o i n o & n o " o s " e s r e * r e * e a n a , n , r e$ e o $ r o ,  h  e h e ime + o + r o r  he ) ur)le $o $ l o o l r o r o + o +  h  e h e ) e ) r e m r a m n a g n a g n a a n  a e e i o i n o n o  o s i s s i a s ) a ) ) e ) a e r a . r #"s #" e s r e * r e * e  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ io i n o n a  a  h i h g i h g h  em e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r : e - Pla$e e a a s e s $ e o $ n o , n , >n # >n 4- - H %C%#4)  a ) i a r i r o + o +  es  u"es e i n i n a rm a  a e  r e r 7 '00C8 "a "  a h  h u nil  her e mal e e u  i u l i i l " i r " i r u i m u m i s i e s e  s a" a l " i l s i h s e h , e . , . Po u Po r u r  h  e h e H %C%#4s  oluion i n i  n o  o  he e > n >n#4 so s l o u l  u i  o i n o & n & m i m ( i ( e l e l an a , n , r e r  e u  r u n r n  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n s !s !  s e  m e m  o  o  h  e h e a r a m m a   a e  r e r " a " h. e $ e o $ r,  h  e h e  ime m e + o + r o r  h  e h e )ur)le $o $ l o o l r o r  o  o , i , s i a s ) a ) ) e ) a e r a . r - e) e e ) a e  a   h  e h e s a s m a e m e )ro$e $ , e u , r u e r & e & " u "  u  i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s e  h  e h e  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r e o + o  h  e h e a a er "a "  a h  h  o  o a " a o " u ?0 ? oC. e$ e o $ r o , r ,  h  e h e $ h $ a h n a g n e g . e Par Pa t r t ' : ' : E$ $ E$ e $ c e t c t o $ o $ a a c a c t a a t " a ( " s ( t s t o n o n t & t e & e r e r a e c a t c ! t o ! n o n ra r t a e t H!, H! r , o r g o e g n e n ) e ) r e o r ( o i ( , i e , e i s i r el e a l  a i  * i e * l e ! l & ! & " u "  u  r e r a e , a i , l i ! l ! , e , $ e o $ m o ) m o ) s o e s s e s i n i n  h  e h e ) r ) e r s e e s n e $ n e $ e o + o + a a $ a $ a  l a ! l s !  s .  . I n I h  i h s i s ) a ) r a  r &  & e e o " o s " e s r e * r e * , e , h i h $ i h $ h r e r a e g a e g n e  n 7  s 7 8 s 8 a $ a  $  a s a s a a $ a $  a a  l a ! l s !  s  + o + r o r  h  e h e , e , $ e o $ m o ) m o ) s o i s i  o i n o n o + o h! h , ! r , o r g o e g n e n ) e ) r e o r ( o i ( , i e , . e  %H % %#% %H % %# 2 # # 2 % - La" La e " l e 3 3  e  s e  s   u" u e " s e s  1  - 1 3 - - Pla Pl $ a e $ e ' ' m L m L o + o +  h  e h e 5 @ 5 H @ %#%s  o s l o u l  u i  o i n o n i no o e a e $ a h $ h o + o +  h  e h e 3 3  es  u  " u e " s e . - A,, a a  )i ) n i $ n h $  h  o + ea e $ a h $ h o + o +  h  e h e + o + l o l l o l i o n i g n g r eag a e g n e  n s s  o o s e)a ) r a a r  a e  e  es e  s   u  " u e " s e - i( i ( e l e l l l a n a , n , o " o s " er e * r e * e he $ h $ ang n e g ih he )ro,u , $ u ion o n o + o + g a g s a " u " " u "les e . s . e $ e o $ r o , r , e a e $ a h $ re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n r a a e  e a s a s + a + s a  s &  & sl s o l & o & * e * r e ! r ! s lo o & & o r n o n n o e n e i n i n ,aa  a" a l " e. e II I I. 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EFFE C EFFE T OF T C OF ONC ON ENTRA TR TION ON ON R EACTI T ON TI )E ) Reac a t!on o #: %I-2 S %- % %- % %#3  I%2  % 2 S# % 4  Reac a t!on o %: I%2  % 2 S % %#5%-  %  I % -2 S4#6%- Cal Ca $ l u $ l u a l  a e  e  h  e h e i n i i n  i i  a i l a l $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o s n s o + o + I -an, S %- %#3 i  o i n o s n : Mi Mi xt xt ur ure e # # 5 5 : *I * +, , - -  /  I+ x C) I+0 + 1 0 / to t t o a t " a -7  4 7 m 4 l m l ( ( 0 . 0 % . % m o m l o 8 l < 8 % ' % m ' l m l = 0 = . 0 0 . 5 0 % 5 % m o m l o < l L < *S %+ %+ %+ %O2 , , - -  /  S% S O % 2 O x  C ) ) S % S O2 O 01 /to t t o a t " = 7 = 1 7 0 1 m 0 l m l ( 0 . 0 1 . 1 m o m l o 8 l < 8 % < ' % m ' l m l = = 0 . 0 0 . 4 0 4 mo m l o < l L < )!xture Iod!de ! on mo"13 300 P Pe erox(d!su"$ate mo"13 300 T!me !n seconds 1 0.03 0.04 50 % 0.063 0.04 5' 5 0.0'6 0.04 '1 4 0.044 0.04 61 ' 0.05% 0.04 10? 6 0.0% 0.04 1%6  0.03 0.054 55 3 0.03 0.0%3 53  ? 0.03 0.0%% '6 10 0.03 0.016 3 11 0.03 0.01 143 Plo Pl  o   i  n i g n g  he h e $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o + o + i o i , o i , , i e , e i o i n o n * e * r e s r u s s u s  i  m i e m : e :  N N o otte e: X – X a – xis a : xi ti s: m et;i m Y e ; – Y a – xi s a : xis: c c onc onc entreant ti ra onti s on E. s - )!x ! ture r s 4 #+5: 5  Gra)h ) Comm m ent: The Th e o r o , r e , r e r o + o + r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n  i   i h  h r e r s e ) s e ) $ e  $   o  io i , o i , , i e , e i o i n o n + o + l o l l o l e o , e : , : i  ( i  ( u  r u e r e 1 1 F % F % F F 5 5 F 4 F 4 F ' F ' F 6 F  I+ I + a a g r g e r a e  a e  r e r $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o + o r ea e $ a  $ a  n a  n  a  a o  m o s m s a n a , n , mo m l o e l $ e u $ l u es 7 $ 7 o $ n o $en e  n raion n o + Io,i , n i e n e i o i n o n i n i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e an a , n , $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o + o + ) e ) r e o r ( o ! ( , ! i , s i u s l u + l a +  a e  e i s i s $ o $ n o s n  s a  n a  n 8  8 i s i s ) r ) e r s e e s n e  n &  &  h  e h e g r g e r a e  a e  r e r $h $ a h n a $ n e e + o + r o r $ o $ llisi s o i n o s n s i ll o$ o $ $ u $ r u a m a o m n o g n g  he h m e . m . o r o e r e $ o $ l o l l i l s i i s o i n o s n s m e m a e n a n a a hi h g i h g e h r e r ea$ a  $ i  o i n o s n s r a r  a e  . e . Th T u h s u s , e$ e r $ easing  he h $o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o + o + I o, o i , ne n e i n i n  h  i h s i s r ea e $ a  $ i  on o s n s r e r s e u s l u  l  i n n l o l e o r e r r e r a e $ a  $ io i n o n r a r  a e  e as a s e l e l l a s a s  h  e h e  i  m i e m e + o + r o r  h  e h re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n i s s l o l n o g n e g r e . r - )! ) x ! t x u t r u e r s e s 4 4 # 6 # 6 7 6 7 6 2 6 2 6 8 6 8 6 # 9 # 6 9 6 a n a d n d # # # : #  Gra Gr ) a h ) Co C mm m e m n e t n s: s The Th e o r o , r e , r e r o + o + r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n  i   i h  h r e r s e ) s e ) $ e  $   o  o )e ) r e o r ( o ! ( , ! isul u +ae ion n + o + l o l l o l e o , e :  i( i  ( u  r u e r e 1 1 F  F  F 3 F 3 F ? ? F 1 F 0 1 0 F 1 F11 I+ I + a a g r g e r a e  a e  r e r $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o + o r ea e $ a  $ a  n a  n  a  a o  m o s m s a n a , n , mo m l o e l $ e u $ l u es 7 $ 7 o $ n o $en e  n raion n o + )er e o r ( o ! ( , ! i , s i u s l u + l a +  a e  in i $ n r $ e r a e s a e s s e s a n a , n , $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o + o + I o I , o i , n i e n e i o i n o n is i s $ o $ n o s n a  n a  n 8  8 i s s ) resen n &  h  e h e g rea e  a e  r e r $ h $ a h n a $ n e $ + or $ o $ l o li l s i i s ons n il i l l l o $ o $ $ u $ r u r a m a o m n o g n g  h  e h m e . m . o r o e r e $ o $ l o l l i l s i i s on o s n s m e m a e n a n a a hi h g i h g e h r e r r ea e $ a  $ i  on o s n r a r  a e  . e . Th T u h s u s , e , $ e r $ e r a e s a i s n i g n g  h  e h $o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n o + o + ) e ) r e o r ( o ! ( , ! i , s i u s l u + l a +  a e  e i n n  h  i h s i s r ea e $ a  $ i  o i n o s n s r e r s e u s l u  l  i n i n l o l e o r e r r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n r a r  a e  e a s a s el e l l l a s a s  he e  i  m i e m +o + r o r  he h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n i s i s lo l n o g n e g r e . %. % . EF FE EF C FE T C T OF O T F E) T PE E) R PE A R T A U T R U E R E ON O N T  T E  E REA R C EA T C I T O I N O N R A R T A E T Reac a t c ! t on o n S( S s ( tem:  %+ %C%O;a  < a 0 < 0 = = % >) % n >) O n ;a< a 0 < = '%SO S ;? ? %)n ) O; a  < a 0 < = >%SO S ;= = # 9 # C 9 O%=  = 2  2 %O De D sc s r c ! r t  ! t o ! n Pre Pr d e ! d c ! t c e t O Ob bser@at!on React!on Ex"  a " nat a ! t o ! n o o$ cond! d t! t ons d t!m ! e m outc t ome Ro R o o m o The $o $ l o o l r o  r The Th e $o $ l o o l r o 116s A
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n is no a $aal!s +or his re r a e $ a ion  2 > > # #5 S Sllo er! slo 3s > > # #5 is s n o a $aal a ! l s !  +or hi h s re r a e $ a ion 3 2 ; ;ee7 # #585 ; ;aas er! +as 4s ; ;ee7 # #585 is i s a a g o g o o , o , $ a $  a a  l a ! l s !  s  + o + r o h  i h s i s r ea$ion Co C mm m e m n e t n s: s The Th e o r o , r e , r e r o + o + $ a $  a a  l a ! l s !  s  a $ a  $ i  * i i *  i !  : ! : n # n % ;e  7 ;e # 7
585 CaCl% nCl% n  >#5 a  Cl a Ca Ca a  l a ! l s !  s  ) l ) a l ! a s ! s r ol o e l e  o  o i n i i n  i i  a i  a e  s e s o r o a $ a $ $ e $ l e e l r e a r  a e  s e s a a r ea e $ a  $ i  o i n o n i  i ho h u o  u  i s  e s l e + l + " e " i e n i g n g a + a + + e + $ e  $ e  , e , " ! " ! r e r , e u , $ u i $ n i g n h  e h e a m a o m u o n u  n  o + o + e n e e n r e g r ! g ! r e r  e u  i u r i e r , e ,  o o " r " e r a e / a / an a , n , + orm a a n e $  h $ e h m e i m $ i a $ l a "o " n o , n s. I + I e e u se  h  e h e r igh $a $  a a  l a ! l s !  s  + o + r o r  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o & n & i  i i l i l l h a h ) a ) ) e ) n e n + a + s a  s e  r e r a n a , n , l e l s e s s s e n e e n r e g r ! g ! i s i s u s u e s , e . , I/ I . . CON O C3U C S 3U ION I A+ A+ e  r e r a $ a $ $ e $ s e s s i s n i g n g i  i h h 5 5 s u s " u - " e - ( e ) ( e ) r e i r m i e m n e  n s s a " a o " * o e * & e & e e $ a $ n a n /n / o n  o   h  e h e m e m  e ho, o ,  o e ( e a ( m a ine  he e e ++e$ o + o $o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o & n &  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r & e & a n a , n , $ a $  a a  l a ! l s !  s  o n o n  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o n r a r  a e  s e . s . T h T u h s u s e e i l i l l l a " a l " e e  o  o m a m i a n i  n a  i a n i n  h  e h  re r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o & n & s ) s e ) e e , e , u ) u ) a n a , n , s l s o l  o ,  o , n o n  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ io i n o n r a r  a e  e a s a s e l e l l l " ! " ! a , a , , i , n i g n g m o m r o e e $ o $ n o $ n e $ n e  n r  a r  a i  o i n o n + o + r o r  h  e h re r a e $ a  $ a  n a  n s  s o r o r s u s " u s "  s a  n a $ n e $ s e ) o ) s o s s i s " i l " ! l ! r e r a e $ a  $  i  i h  h  h  e h e $ o $ m o ) m o ) n o e n n e  n s  o + o +  h  e h e rea$ a  $ i  o i n o s n & i n$r $ eas a i s n i g n g o r ,e , $ e r $ e r a e s a in i g n g  h  e h e  e  m e ) m e ) r e a r  a u  r u e r & e & a n a , n , $ h $ o h o o s o i s n i g n g  he h e su s i u  i a  " a l " e l e $ aal!s + o + r o r  h  e h e r e r a e $ a  $ i  o i n o s n . s